⑴ 電腦對人思維方式的影響,電腦對生活方式的影響英語作文!!!!急
您好,給你一篇供你參考,如果滿意請採納,不滿意歡迎繼續追問。
nobody can tell what would be the life like after one hundred years or, at least the ordinary people like us can not do that. however from level of development of today's technology and science, one thing that everyone can be sure about is that life of future will definitely be much more easy and convenient than the life of today(provided only if the environmental issues do not get worse). moreover, many new stuff will be created or rather i should use the word invented in order to satisfy the needs of people of our future generations. with these new creations ,inventions and technologies, things like travelling on the moon or some other planets for vacation with our families, which would only happen in our dreams at present age will possibly become true in one hundred years time. what is more, those new creations may also allow the scientist of that time to not only carry out their researches on land but in the deep blue occean as well, what i mean is that they could live under the sea and do their study just like how they did it on the land for as long as they want. people could almost do anything they like without leaving their houses, they could just simply make some click on the keyboard to satisify their every needs like shopping and body check-up. and parents of the time do not need to worry about the ecation problems of their children because internet could provide everything they need and want to learn about. by that time, maids or servants will no longer be needed as robot would have replaced them to be the 'mechanical housework expert' of the new era.
⑵ 如何有效地提高英語寫作的邏輯思維
我們先來看看文章的評判標准。一般情況下,我們可以通過這幾個標准來衡量一篇文章的優劣:詞彙的豐富與准確性,語法的准確性,文章的連貫與流暢度,觀點是否清晰扣題,論證是否嚴謹有力。對大部分人來說,詞彙和語法並不是最大的問題,多閱讀多練習,假以時日,總可以慢慢掌握。實際上,在英文寫作中最讓人頭疼的往往是後面幾項:觀點的提出以及論證,文字的銜接和耦合。
文章要做到連貫流暢,觀點清晰,論證有力,僅僅靠背單詞和學語法是不夠的,因為它還涉及到一個更深層次的問題:邏輯思維能力。寫作活動是一種嚴密而有序的邏輯思維過程。很多作文中出現的表達混亂,層次不清等問題,往往是寫作時邏輯思維混亂導致的。還沒想清楚就下筆,寫出來的東西自然不會清晰到哪裡去。
那我們應該要怎樣做,才能提高邏輯思維能力,寫出清晰嚴謹的文章呢? 可以從以下幾點入手:
1.注意句子以及段落的邏輯關系
之前一直有這樣的說法「英語是一門邏輯性很強的語言」,為什麼這么說呢?因為仔細觀察你會發現,英語在遣詞造句上是遵循嚴密的的邏輯形式的:用詞上要求人稱、數、格的一致;句子有嚴謹的主謂結構,多用關聯詞語,重視形式的對應和顯性銜接。而在語篇中多突出主題句,直線式地展開段落。
對於寫作來說,一篇好的文章要遵循句子和句子之間,段落和段落之間的銜
接和連貫。一篇好文章並不是句子的機械堆砌,而是一個有機整體,句子和句子之間是存在嚴謹的邏輯關系的。舉個例子,下面是一篇常見的說明文段落:
AIDS seems to follow a pattern of recognizable being exposed to the virus, the AIDS patients tends to complain of a fever, sore throat, sore muscles,and seems to be a dormant period ,which can last for three years or after this period, more serious symptoms begin to emerge.
仔細閱讀之後會發現,文章中的句子之間在邏輯上環環相扣,每一個都不可或缺。如果句子之間的銜接沒做好,寫出來的文章可能會是這樣的:
Every summer, I go to traveling with my family or my best friends. When the new term comes, I will surprisingly find my oral English is much improved. So I firmly believe book is not only the source of knowledge.
上面的句子雖然沒有語法問題,但讀起來感覺卻很奇怪,為什麼?因為句子與句子之間並沒有一個很好的邏輯關系:"go to traveling with my family" 與後面的"my oral English is much improved" 並沒有必然聯系,邏輯上講不通。
除了句子的銜接外,段落與段落之間的銜接也非常重要。這一點在經濟學人等外刊文章上體現得很好,比如這篇文章The weaker sex , 段落的結構非常清晰,開頭都有主題句來引領全段,而且段落與段落之間是層層遞進的關系。 What can be done? Part of the solution lies in a change in cultural attitudes.
Policymakers also need to lend a hand, because foolish laws are making the problem worse.
Even more important than scrapping foolish policies is retooling the ecational system, which was designed in an age when most men worked with their muscles.
More generally, schools need to become more boy-friendly.
從上面可以看到,要寫出邏輯清晰的文章,我們要特別注意句子以及段落的銜接和連貫。這就要求我們要用好連接詞以及語義承接。
在寫作中常見的連接詞有"because, as, while, if, however, therefore, although, similarly, consequently, nevertheless "等,它們屬於「明連接」。 語義承接則是通過上下文之間的承接關系來自然行文,比如通過指示代詞、人稱代詞等對前一句中出現過的內容進行指代,或者對前一句話中出現的關鍵詞進行轉述,解釋,從而形成自然的承接關系。語義承接屬於「暗承接」。
下面這篇雅思 9 分作文片段就很好地體現了連接詞以及語義承接的效果(仔細體會加黑以及帶下劃線的單詞,感受一下連接詞的效果)。
I tend to agree that young children can be negatively affected by too much time spent on the computer partly because sitting in front of a screen for too long can be damaging to both the eyes and the physical posture The main concern is about the type of computer activities that attract
often electronic games that tend to be very intense and rather usually the "hero" too much exposure can encourage children to be self-centred and insensitive to others. 上面的作文片段中,"This" 用來指代"I tend to agree..." 一整句的內容,連接詞"because"用來連接從句說明原因,"regardless of" 後面連接名詞性從句做進一步說明。"These"用來指代上一句中出現的 "computer activities",用定冠詞"the"修飾的"player" 和 "game" 則與上一句呼應,指代游戲中的玩家和游戲。
由此可以看出,通過用好連接詞以及語義承接的方式,我們可以將句子甚至段落有機聯系起來,使之符合邏輯。
事實上,銜接和連貫性(Coherence and Cohesion)一直是雅思寫作中的一個重要評分標准,雅思官方也給出了一個指導視頻:
IELTS Writing 雅思寫作連貫性
⑶ 英語寫作文的時候,怎麼規避東方式思維
中式英語表現為文章主題不清、欠粘著性(即邏輯性差)等問題。其原因就是漢語思維根深蒂同的影響。思維依靠語言表達,語占是思維的載體。東西方思維的差異導致英漢在詞法、句法、篇章等方面的不同。
一、漢語的「螺旋式」
思維與英語的「直線式」思維這導致了兩個後果:一是英漢句子邏輯重心的差異,即「英前漢後」。漢語句呈「獅子型」向前擴展,句子重心在後。英語句以主謂結構為主幹。通過大量的關系詞、連詞、介詞把句子各個成分展開。由主到次.句子呈「孔雀型」向後擴展。。所以在英文寫作中應運用各種手段,避免句子頭重腳輕。避免一個句子出現多個動詞.還要盡量少用「岡為.所以」模式。二是漢語文章一般都是先分後總。議論文往往採用歸納式的說理方式.即從原因談到結果.再表明自L三的觀點:記敘文往往採用逐步達到高潮的敘述方式。即作者一開始並不提出自己的主題。最後自然地引出主題。達到高潮。主題句常出現在段末、文章末尾。甚至沒有主題句。英語文章總是先總後分。如果是議論文則往往採用演繹的說理方法,即先說明自己的論點,再提出論據;如果是記敘文則往往採用逆推式的敘述方法,即先敘述作者想要表達的主題,再敘述事件的背景,原因和過程。一般文章開頭和段首會有題句。
二、漢語的感性綜合思維與英語的理性分析思維
漢語的連詞成句和連句成章往往藉助於作者的形象思維和感性思維,不靠嚴謹的邏輯形式.以凌虛傳神、模糊隱約、「形散神不散」為特徵。而西方人講究理性和秩序.習慣嚴密的邏輯推理,注重運用各種有形的連接手段達到語言形式的完整。由於漢語注重「意合」,只要在語境范圍內能夠理解.任何成分就郁可以省略,如主語、連詞等,所以漢語句子結構鬆散,不管句子是否完整,短語之間、分句之問也不一定採用連接標記或銜接手段.只要能表達意思就可以了.內在的主從或並列等關系由讀者自己去體會。由於漢語注重「意合」.句子常常以意義的完整為目的.按時間先後順序和事理推移的方法,呈「獅子型」向前擴展。由於漢語注重「意合」.分段任意性較大,一個意思可以分幾段來寫或者一段話有兩個或多個中心意思。而英語重「形合」。其句子結構嚴密。主謂語必不可少.短語之間、分句之間、段落之問多採用連接標記或關系詞.強調篇章結構的嚴謹和語篇的粘著性。其段落是一個獨立的邏輯單位.一段只講一層意思。比如中國人會寫出「枯藤老樹昏鴉。小橋流水人家。古道西風瘦馬。」這樣的詩句。對漢語詩歌的理解一般要靠語占環境、作者的情緒心態及文化背景等多方面因素進行整體把.握。,而英美人寫的詩。其句法結構一定是完整的。又如不少學生習慣將主題句和論據分兩段來寫.這就不符合英語寫作慣例。
三、漢語的形象思維與英語的抽象思維
首先.中國學生多採用比喻、類比等手法來表達抽象、深奧的道理。比如用松、竹、梅歲寒友來象徵剛正堅毅的思想品格。而英語文章多採用平實質朴的語言和冷靜的邏輯論證來闡述題。所以當中困學牛寫出一篇充滿比喻、象徵,神采飛揚的文章時.中國老師可能會給出很高的評價.而英美人卻會閃文中的比喻、象徵而被弄得滿頭霧水,不知所雲。其次,中國學牛常藉助於大量色彩濃重的形容詞和副淵來修飾自己的作品。對於外國讀者.華麗的詞藻往往顯得華而不實,反而減弱文章的效果。
四、漢語的主體意識與英語的客體意識
中國人認為任何行為都是人這個行為主體完成的:而西方人堅持主客體分離,注重事物對人的作用和影響。表現在語占上.漢語中有靈主語絕對優勢,多用主動語態。這在正式的英文下了作中使表達缺乏客觀性和說服力:英語物稱傾向比較普遍.即無靈主語。使用被動語態比漢語多。
五、漢語強調已知英語突出未知漢語句的順序一般足從已知到未知
英語句則常常是從未知到已知。在一般句子中.主語代表已知部分。謂語是對主語的說明或描述.是未知部分。漢語句主語部分可以較長.英語句主語部分則要求盡蜃簡短。漢語中有大量的霞復現象以起到反復強調的作用。
六、漢語的逆向思維與英語的順向思維
這決定了中文敘述和說明事物時.習慣從大到小。從一般到特殊.從整體到個體,從已知到未知;而英語則恰恰相反。岡此.我們在教學過程中要充分重視語言的思維闋素.有意識地對英漢文章在從宏觀的結構布局到微觀的遺詞造句方面做一定的對比,使學生r解二者的差異.培養學生的英語思維能力.寫出更加符合英美文化和思維習慣的文章.避免中式英語的出現。由於大學英語沒有JF設々門的寫作課.所以教師要克分利用精讀教學。通過細致的課文分析,向學生教授各種體裁文章的寫作方法和技巧,分析句於問、段落問的銜接方式以及文章組織的邏輯性、意義表達的連貫性等。另外,教師可選擇表述形式鮮明獨特的文章段落.要求學生將其譯為中文.然後指導學生對比原文與譯文.找出英漢語表達方式的差異。將此材料擱置幾天後,再要求學生對譯文進行回譯。之後,要求學生逐句對比原文.找出表述的差異,評判各自表達方式的優劣。經過幾次這樣的回譯.學生不但町以牢記原文.而且還對英文段落的展開方式、組織結構有r深刻的了解。此外.教師還可選取某些精彩段落,要求學生背誦。背誦是一種有意諺l的語言輸入活動.它有利於克服漢語的影響.培養和增強學生語感.從而提高學生的英語寫作能力。光靠知識輸入是不夠的,還要加強知識輸出.多寫勤練。學生完成初稿後.教師向學生提供批改標准:
1.主題突出.內容切題、充實,思路清晰。邏輯嚴謹;
2.語篇銜接自然緊密;
3.表達清楚,句式靈活多變.用詞得體豐富;
4.拼寫正確,語法錯誤較少。字跡清晰,卷面整潔。同時向學生提供範文,帶領他們根據批改標准評議範文。然後要求學生以小組討論的方式根據批改標准為各自的作文寫出評語並打分。之後,教師收同作文進行批改,但應只標出錯誤而不幫學生修改。最後發還作文,要求學生重寫。教師的正確指導加學生的不懈努力一定會帶來一篇篇越來越地道的英語文章。
⑷ (急)幫忙寫一篇英文文章,關於中西方文化和思維方式不同對英語翻譯的影響,要原創,不少於1500字。。
Nowadays,high school students hold different opinions about after-class activities.there are two quite different phenomenonena.
Some students are crazy about sports and some other activities.they spend much time in joining the outdoor activities and varies of groups , and also,making new friends.However,they pay a little attention to their studies.
On the contrary, some students spend almost of their time in studies and don't enjoy attending other activities.
In my opinion,I think neither of them is correct.I think we should study hard,but we also need time to relax ourselves,because if a one in a good state,he can do better.
⑸ 英語寫作思維方式有幾個重要特徵
英語寫作思維方式有幾個重要特徵
:
1
、「我」字當頭
英美文化強調個人。而儒家文化強調他人。「我」字當頭就是以我、我們、你、你們、他、
他們,
這些行為的執行者為重心和中心展開表達。
強調主語,
強調動作的執行者。
英語強調
動作。
漢語強調狀態。
英語常把行為者和動作放在句首。
漢語常把狀語放在重要地方。
例如:
I found my bike lost when I walked out of the Shengli wovie theater after watching
Crouching
Tiger,
Hidden
Dragon
yes-terday
afternoon.(
昨天下午在勝利電影院看完《卧
虎藏龍》出來時,我發現我的自行車不見了。
)
當然用另一種方法表達也可以。
Yesterday
afternoon when I walked out of the Shengli movie theater after watching Crouching
Tiger, Hidden Dragon, I found my bike lost.
但是比起前者來略顯頭重腳輕。又例如:
Many
recently
opened
summer
resorts
around
Beijing
are
filled
with
pleasure-seeking
natives
of
Beijing.(
北京附近新開放的夏季旅遊點到處都是北京人。
)
比較
Many
natives
of
Beijing
are
enjoying
themselves
in
the
recently
opened
summer
resorts
around
the
city.
這一句將動作執行者置於句首,這種表達方式更符合英語習慣。
2
、直截了當
英美文化突出坦率,
特別是在英語中更是這樣。
中國文化推崇含蓄。
英語句子和英語修辭傾
向直截了當的表達。
漢語句子和漢語修傾向含蓄婉轉的表達。
例如:
If
you
want
to
get
more
help from me, I would be glad to do my best for you.(
如果你希望從我這兒獲得更多
的幫助,我將願意幫忙。
) If you need more help, just let me know.
這二句話反映了
英語思維的簡練和直截了當。
另外,
大部分英語句子使用動作的主動時態。
中國學生喜歡作
動作的被動時態。例如:
The sone of Youth was written by her.(
《青春之歌》是她寫
的。
)
比較
She wrote The Song of Youth.
當然如果是屬於交際場合中的禮節,英美人在
用詞上比中國人更顯含蓄。例如,如果要表達「你要買點兒什麼?」(What do you want
to
buy?)
這樣的中文思想,英美人會說:
What can I do for you?
或者
Can I help you?
又
例如,用中式思維表達下面的思想:
A: Do you think I should buy a car?(
你認為我該
買輛汽車嗎?) B: You』d better not buy it now.(你現好現在別買。
)
比較英美人飛慣
用的表達方漢表示同樣的思想:
A:
Do
you
think
I
should
buy
a
car?
B:
I
would
not
buy
it at this moment.(
目前你最好別買。直譯是:如果我是你,我就不買。
)
3
、事件表達的具體性
本文中「事件」這個詞泛指所有實在的物體,通俗一點兒可以理解為「內容」。它與「過
程」相輔相成並緊密相連。
「過程」也就是事物發展的方法,
也可能理解為「形式」。
事件
表達的具體性是指句子中的句詞,或者句子要表達的事物具體、准確,
不能含糊其辭,
讓讀
者去猜。例如:
The good painting competition drew crowds of students.
這里的
good
和
students
就屬於用詞不準確,不具體。「好」和「壞」也非常籠統和抽象,在英語句子
中應盡量少使用。如果你
the threedays well-organized painting compertition
就很具
體,
給讀者一個清晰具體的信息。
同樣,
student
可分為
elementary
school
students(first
to
fifth
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⑹ 英漢思維差異對寫作的影響論文屬不屬於文學的范疇
An Analysis of English Humor from the Perspective of Pragmatics 從語用學的角度分析英語幽默
Dark and Melancholy in The Scarlet Letter—The Interation Between Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Scartlet Letter沉鬱的《紅字》——論納塞尼爾?霍桑和《紅字》之間的相互影響
Symbolism Enbodied in the Heroes of Lord of the Flies 人物象徵在《蠅王》中的體現
On the Comparison of the Marriage Between the Tujia and Englang 小議土家族與英格蘭婚俗之差異
On the Means of Second Language Acquisition淺談第二語言習得的方法
On the Emotional Variation of the Ghost in the Phantom of the Opera《歌劇魅影》中鬼魅的情感變化
Problems Existing in Bilingual Ecation in University雙語教學在大學教育中存在的問題
On the Character of Blifil in The History of Tom Jones, a Founding 淺析《湯姆?瓊斯》中布力菲爾的人物性格
On the Differences in Ecational Reform Between China and America淺析中美教育改革的差異
On Translation of English Prepositions試譯介詞的翻譯
The Study of Culture on Dining-table in English-
A Comparative Study of Body Language in English-speaking Countries and China 中國與英語國家的肢體語言的對比研究
On the Ideals of Modern Women from the Scarlet Letter 從《紅字》中看現代女性意識
On Strategies of English Vocabulary Learning for College Students 淺談大學生英語詞彙的學習策略
The Study of the Realistic Significance of Robinson Crusoe《魯濱遜漂流記》的現實意義研究
021021016 杜 娟 Translation of Culture and Facsimile of Culture文化翻譯與文化「傳真」
The Revelation of Second Language Learning Theory to Foreign Language Teaching 二語學得理論對外語教學的啟示
The Change of Sino-American Relations after September 11th 9.11 之後中美關系的變化
Culture Difference in Pragmatics從語用看中西語言文化差異
Analysis on Football and the Competitive Spirits Embodied in the Games 解析足球及比賽中體現的競技精神
On the Influence of Language Situation on English Teaching試論語言環境對英語教學中的影響
The Translation of Automobile Trademarks and Advertising Slogans汽車商標及其廣告主題句的翻譯
On the Characteristics of English Animal Idioms淺談英語動物習語的特徵
The Building of Poe』s Horror愛.倫坡的恐怖營造手法
Radical Henry in The Picture of Dorain Gray《道林?格雷的肖像畫》中極端的亨利
Exploration of the Theme in Sons and Lovers《兒子與情人》的主題探討
The Translation of Expressions with Chinese Characteristics 有中國特色詞彙的英譯
On the Theme of King Lear論《李爾王》的主題思想
On the Changes of Marner』s Characters論織工馬南的性格變化
The Comparison of Several Negative Forms in English 英語中若干否定形式的比較
Culture Difference and Dfferent Business Etiquette between China and Western Countries中西方文化差異及商務禮儀的不同
On the Characteristic of American Legal Culture論美國法律文化的特點
Isolationism Tradition in American Diplomatic History美國外交史上的孤立主義傳統
The Study of Culture of Flowers in Western Countries 淺談西方國家花的文化
On the Language Characteristics of UCP500淺議《UCP500》的語言特點
Differences of American Dream in Benjamin Franklin』s Autobiography and in Reality 論」美國夢」在本傑明.富蘭克林《自傳》中和現實中的差異性
On Feminists in Uncle Tom』s Cabin《湯姆叔叔的小屋》中女性人物研究
On Women Characters in Sons and Lovers 論《兒子與情人》中的女性形象
On Language Features and Translation of Bussiness Contract 論商務合同的語言特點和翻譯
The Arts of Body Languege in Intercultural Communication跨文化交際中身勢語的藝術
The English Classroom Interaction Under the New Curreculum新課標背景下的英語課堂互動
On the Writing and Translation of Foreign Trade Contracts論涉外經濟合同寫作與翻譯
On Eternal Life of Helen Burns in Jane Eyre論《簡?愛》中海倫?彭斯生命的永恆性
The Effect of Chinese Action Film to the Film Inrstry of Hollywood 中國動作片對好萊塢電影業的影響
On the Comparison of Classroom Question Raising of Chinese and American Teachers中美教師課堂提問方法比較
The Connection Between Rock Music and American Culture搖滾樂與美國文化的聯系
On the Application of Quality Ecation in English Teaching淺談素質教育在英語教學中的運用
On the Application of Multimedia in English Teaching淺談多媒體及其在英語教學中的運用
On the Symbolic and Realistic Significance of Le Petit Prince 淺析《小王子》中的象徵意義與現實意義
On the Translation of Comparative Sentence Patterns淺談比較句式翻譯中的幾個問題
On the Culture Differences from the Realistic Films of China and the Western從中西現實主義電影看文化差異
The Common Features of American Favorite Chinese Movies美國人喜愛的中國電影的共性
Skopostheory and Chinese-English Translation of Tourist Materials翻譯目的論與旅遊資料的漢英翻譯
An Analysis of Three Women』s Tragedies on Sons and Loves淺析《兒子與情人》中三個女人的悲劇
On Pound and the Contingency of Language 淺談龐德與語言的偶然性
The Comparision of Pearl in The Scarlet Letter and Eva in Uncle Tom』s Cabin《紅字》中珠兒與《湯姆叔叔的小屋》中伊娃的對比
The Comparision of Character Between Beeky Sharp and Scarleet O』Hara in Vanity Fair and Gone With the Wind《名利場》中蓓基?夏潑與《飄》中思嘉?奧哈拉的人物性格
On the Gothic Features in Short Stories by Edgar Allan Poe淺談愛倫?坡小說中的哥特式特點
On Dreiser』s Realism in Jennie Gerhardt德萊塞《珍妮姑娘》的現實主義研究
The Comparison of Characteristics Between Jane Eyre and Qing Wen簡愛和晴雯人物性格比較
The Love Concept of William Butler Yeats from His Early Poetry從葉芝的早期詩歌看他的愛情觀
On Transfer of English Learning 英語學習遷移問題研究
Knowing About the American Culture from Jazz Music從爵士樂看美國文化
The Comparative Study of the Ceremonial Speech in English and Chinese 禮儀用語的英漢對比
Potia and Ophelia-Two Kinds of Women Character in Shakespeare』s Work鮑西婭與奧菲利婭——莎士比亞筆下兩類不同性格的女性角色
The Development of the Diplomatic Relations Between Taiwan and America in 1949—1979 淺析1949年至1979年台美外交關系的發展
Mother Tongue Influences on Learning English母語對英語學習的影響
Effect on Advertisement Originality from Different Chinese-Western Modes of Culture中西文化差異對廣告創意的影響
On the English Abbreviations of International Organization淺談國際組織名的英語縮略方式
The Use of Innovative Ecation in English Teaching創新教育在英語教學中的運用
On the Politeness Strategies of Business Letter商務信函的禮貌策略
The Development of Country Music under the Influence of American Culture 美國鄉村音樂在其文化影響下的發展
The Reflection of Realism in Dickens』A Tale of Two Cities現實主義在《雙城記》中的體現
The Psychological Variation of Mr. Dimmesdale in The Scarlet Letter論《紅字》中狄梅斯迪爾的心理變化歷程
On the Religion Belief of Silas in The DA VINCI Code淺談《達芬奇密碼》中塞拉斯的宗教信仰
The Impact of Slavery on American Black People in 》看奴隸制對美國黑人的影響
021021076 夏 靜 The Application of Dynamic Equivalence to Chinese-English Translation of Scenic Spot Introction Materials動態等值論在旅遊景點材料翻譯中的應用
A Study of Emerson』s Views on Nature愛默生的自然觀研究
Comments on Hemingway』s The Snow of Kilimanjaro海明威《乞力馬扎羅山的雪》中的評述
Pragematic Strategies in International Business Negotiation 國際商務談判中的語用策略
On Female Struggle in Marriage from Jane Austen』s Pride and Prejudice論簡?奧斯丁《傲慢與偏見》中的女性在婚姻中的掙扎
On the Origins of Pecola』s Tragedy佩科拉悲劇的起源
The Stylistic Study of The Old Man and the Sea 《老人與海》的風格研究
On the Relationship Between Metaphor and Style淺談隱喻與文體的關系
Glance the Reform and Development of CET-4 and CET-6 from the Development of the Language Testing 從語言測試的發展看大學英語四六級的改革與發展
A Research on Foreign Automobile Trademarks 外國汽車標志探源
On the Two Generation』s Views of Love in All』s Well That Ends Well論《終成眷屬》中兩代人的愛情觀
Meaning of Foreign National Flags淺談外國國旗的喻意
A Tentative Discussion on How Pre-school English Teaching is Facilitated Second Language Acquisition淺談第二語言習得如何促進英語學前教學
On Love Concepts Between Scarlett and Lady White Snake論郝思嘉與白素貞的愛情觀
Symbolism in Virginia Woolf』s To the Lighthouse 論《到燈塔去》的象徵意義
Self-assess Learning in Language Teaching 語言教學中的自主學習
A Stylistic Approach to the Study of Advertising English廣告英語的文體學研究
Cultural Differences between China and the United States Embodied in Diplomacy 中美文化差異在外交上的具體體現
On the Interactive English Teaching in Middle School淺談中學英語的互動教學
The Biblical and Symbols in The Grapes of the Wrath淺談《憤怒的葡萄》中的聖經典故及其象徵意義
Task-based Teaching and Task-based Testing基於任務的教學與基於任務的測試
The Racial Problem in Light in August論《八月之關》的種族問題
Interactive Teaching Methologies討論中美互動教學差異
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man :Struggle and Growth Under the Stream of Consciousness《一個青年藝術家的畫像》:意識流下的抗爭與成長
⑺ 如何解決中西思維差異對寫作的影響
修辭方式與表達方式.修辭方式與表達方式在初中語文中是經常提及的兩個名詞專術語:它們之間區別很大屬.修辭方式是指修飾文字詞句,運用各種方法,使語言表達得准確、鮮明而生動有力,情感真摯、強烈而又引人入勝.初中課文常見的修辭方式有比喻、擬人、誇張、對偶、排比、反問、設問、對比、借代、反復、反語等.表達方式也叫表達方法,其內涵包括記敘、描寫、說明、議論、抒情五個方面.
⑻ 思維差異對英語閱讀有什麼影響
所謂「思維差異」,是指以英語為母語的人在思維方式上與我們中國人的差異。比如說,許多同學在讀《中國日報》(China Daily)和《21世紀報》(The 21st Century)的時候感覺很輕松,而在看外刊的時候,即使是對中文報刊里也有的同一件事的報道,讀起來都會覺得很吃力,這是由思維方式的不同所造成的。我們中國人的思維習慣是由淺入深,到最後再說重點。有一位美國漢學家把中國人的這種思維方式稱為「畫龍點睛」。而外國尤其是美國人的思維方式一般是比較直接的。這就是中國學生在讀《中國日報》和《21世紀報》時感到很輕松的原因:盡管它們也是用英文寫的,但是閱讀時經常能讓人感覺到思維方式是中國式的,用林語堂先生的話來說,就是「血和肉是英語,但是骨架子是中文。」這種「思維差異」需要在平時的閱讀中不斷地感受、體會,積累英語中對各類事件的描繪和闡述方式,才能在自己的表達中運用自如。
心理語言學家認為,閱讀理解是在已知和未知之間建立聯系的過程,是在一定的社會環境中,閱讀者通過自身已有知識體系與閱讀材料提供的信息發生作用從而實現知識建構的過程,那麼,中學生已有的漢語知識體系與英語閱讀材料提供的信息之間難免會產生多種矛盾,故而使閱讀者在實現知識建構的過程中遇到各種障礙,下面我們分析在閱讀過程中,讀者所遇到的障礙。
1、東西方思維差異是導致英語閱讀理解障礙的原因之一,東方人偏重綜合思維,寫作方式是迂迴曲折型,文章開頭往往與主題關系不大,隨後再漸次過渡到主題,而西方人則偏重分析思維,寫作方式呈直線型,即直截了當,開門見山論述問題。西方人的思維推理相對簡單而嚴謹,推理僅局限於一個邏輯層面。如果推理涉及兩個邏輯層面,轉了兩個彎,美國人就認為上升到了哲學的高度,而不再是邏輯推理了.
2、傳統閱讀心理與現代閱讀心理的差異阻礙了閱讀活動的順利進行、傳統閱讀理論認為,讀者只要按照單詞——句子——篇章的順序,逐詞逐句地理解文章就能弄懂全文。換言之,閱讀是「自下而上」(buttom-up)的被動解碼過程,而現代心理語言學家認為,閱讀的心理過程是「自上而下」(up-down)的主動「猜測——證實」的過程,讀者對文章的理解是他們的語言知識和背景知識相互作用的結果。
⑼ 以改變思維為話題的英文作文範文
To begin with,I 'd admit that I have heard too much about "Never Give Up" and I am strongly opposed to this idea.
People like to take these 3 words as their motto when they are determined to do sth.As a metter of fect,nobody knows how long and how much should the aim cost you.If you insisted in one aim,your should find your energy being drained.Yet your success not come.What's more,things are always changing faster than you expect,consequently,your aim should be fixed accordingly.Give up one thing could benifit you more at another points.In addition,one's aim could be easily set far beyond one's ability,especially when he thinks "Never give up" means success.
To sum up,holding the idea "Never Give Up" is really unwise.Not only can it drain your energy,but make you miss other benifits as well.Therefore,my suggestion is you give up sometimes.
⑽ 英語寫作在英語學習中的重要性
別急 會把英語寫作能力提高的
談談如何提高英語寫作能力
關鍵詞:英語寫作能力 原則 方法
引言:英語寫作能力是英語聽、說、讀、寫四種基本能力之一,英語寫作能有效地促進語言知識的內化。Swain(1985)提出「可理解輸出」假設,認為包括寫在內的語言產生性運用有助於學習者檢驗目的語句法結構和詞語的使用,促進語言運用的自動化,有效地達到了語言習得的目的。通過寫作,英語知識不斷得到鞏固並內在化,有利於英語技能的全面發展。但是,英語寫作又是廣大英語學習者最感頭痛的問題之一,且容易被教師忽視,筆者以為如何提高英語寫作能力值得我們認真研究。本文就此談談初淺的看法。
一、提高英語寫作能力的原則
(一)漸進性原則。要堅持「句—段—篇」的訓練程序,由易到難,循序漸進。在英語寫作的初始階段,要始終注意培養學生良好的寫作習慣,狠抓基本功訓練。在學生掌握了基本句型並能寫出簡單句子後,再要求學生根據一些體例寫出小段的文章。在段落寫作中要引導學生分析段落的結構、段落的中心句、句與句之間的邏輯關系、寫作手法等,這樣有利於下一步一篇文章的寫作。在文章寫作中要教會學生如何構思文章、如何運用正確的寫作技巧等。
(二)多樣性原則。要堅持訓練形式的多樣化及寫作文體的多樣性。從形式上而言,可以用回答提問的口頭作文,也可以用續寫故事;可以改寫課文,也可以仿寫課文;可以寫提綱訓練謀篇布局,也可以寫拓展段訓練發散思維……。從文體上而言,可以寫說明文、議論文、記敘文,也可以寫書信、便條、通知等實用文體。
(三)結合性原則。要堅持聽說讀訓練和寫訓練相結合。根據語言習得理論,學習者在學習時常先通過聽和讀吸取語言知識,從而了解別人的思想,再通過說和寫來表達自己的思想,讓別人了解自己。大量的聽說訓練能促進讀寫能力的提高。因此,寫與聽說讀緊密結合,進行多元化的能力訓練,可使學生的各項能力互相影響、互相滲透、互相促進。
(四)控制性原則。要堅持寫作前的指導,控制學生的漢語語言思維,發展英語語言思維。語言學習在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非隨心所欲地自由表達。教師要加強寫作前的指導,可給出範文讓學生模仿,以熟悉其語篇結構。同時要控制其漢語語言思維,盡可能讓學生習慣英語語言思維,以便於學生學習和掌握地道、正確的英語。
(五)持久性原則。要堅持長期、正確的寫作訓練。英語寫作能力的提高並非一朝一夕之事,而是一個長期的、艱巨的、漸進的過程。這就要求教師、學生都要有充分的思想准備,要有堅韌不拔的意志和必勝的信心。
二、提高英語寫作能力的方法。
(一)通過積累詞彙量,提高英語寫作能力。猶如土木磚石是建築的材料一樣,詞彙是說話寫作的必需材料,也是制約寫作能力提高的瓶頸。可以想像,如果要寫一個句子,10個單詞有8個單詞拼寫錯誤或拼寫不出,有2
個單詞用法不當,又怎麼能清楚地表達自己的思想呢?因此,在平時的教學中要強調學生記憶單詞,記住單詞的拼讀、用法、意思等。記憶單詞的方法有很多,各人有各人的記憶方法和習慣,可因人而異。教師可通過要求學生朗讀單詞、聽寫單詞、默寫單詞、遣詞造句、詞彙競賽等多種方法促進學生記單詞。記憶單詞是一個長期的反復的過程,要長期地堅持下去,才能不斷積累大量的詞彙,為英語寫作打下堅實的基礎。
(二)通過擴大閱讀量,提高英語寫作能力。古人雲「熟讀唐詩三百首,不會作詩也會吟」,這是漢語的一種學習方法,同樣可借鑒於英語寫作。多閱讀是學生增加接觸英語語言材料、接受信息、活躍思維、增長智力的一種途徑,同時也是培養學生英語思維能力、提高理解力、增強語感、鞏固和擴大詞彙量的一種好方法,有利於促進英語寫作能力的提高。在閱讀訓練中,教師要注意以下問題:一是指導閱讀方法,分析文章結構、中心思想、段落中心句、寫作方法等,幫助學生掌握各類文章的結構及寫作方法。二要精讀與泛讀相結合,通過推敲優秀的文章來學會寫作方法和選詞用詞;通過大量的泛讀來吸取信息量,擴大詞彙量。三要擴大閱讀量。提供閱讀的材料涉及面要廣,才能不斷擴大學生的知識面,使學生適應各種題材的寫作。
(三)通過提高聽說能力,提高英語寫作能力。英語聽說讀寫四種能力是相互影響、相互促進的,提高聽說能力必定會促進寫作能力的提高。要提高聽說能力關鍵在於創設一個良好的英語環境。教師要盡可能地用英語授課,多開展專門的聽說訓練,同時開展豐富多彩的課外英語活動,讓學生沉浸在英語海洋中去領略、去體會、去使用英語,久而久之,學生自然能使用正確的、地道的英語進行交談與寫作。
(四)通過重視寫作過程,提高英語寫作能力。長期以來,英語寫作成果教學法(THE PRODUCT
APPROACH)在我國居於主導地位,教師根據寫作的終成品來判斷寫作的成敗,重視寫作的技術性細節(如格式、拼寫、語法等),忽視寫作過程的指導。根據D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的連通論(Connectionism)理論,寫作包括寫前階段、具體寫作、文章修改三個基本過程,這三個過程並非是線性排列,而是循環往復,穿插進行的。教師只有重視加強對寫作三個過程的指導,才能更好地提高英語寫作能力。在寫作前階段,教師重在指導學生如何挖掘題材,訓練發散性思維,以及如何選擇材料、謀篇布局等。在具體寫作中,教師重在指導學生如何緊扣主題、運用正確的寫作方法等。在文章修改中,教師重在指導學生如何修改語法及用詞的錯誤。
(五)通過多寫英語摘要,提高英語寫作能力。英語摘要是把一篇文章的要點摘錄出來,用自己的語言使之獨立成一篇短文,這不是簡單的摘錄,而是忠於原文意思的再創作。寫英語摘要有利於學生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章結構,從而提高學生的邏輯思維能力和謀篇布局能力。
(六)通過發展英語語言思維能力,提高英語寫作能力。英語寫作是運用已掌握的內在化語言知識和表達方法,通過思維進行外在化輸出的創作,因此英語語言思維能力在英語寫作中作用非凡。對於我國學生而言,在英語寫作中易受漢語語言思維的影響,難以直接用英語語言進行思維,不利於英語寫作能力的提高,因此發展其英語語言思維能力尤為重要。教師要注意對學生的英語語言思維進行多方位、多角度的訓練:要採取各種方法訓練學生英語語言思維的廣闊性、深刻性、發散性和創造性;要教會學生用英語思考問題、回答問題;要從訓練形象思維開始,逐步過渡到抽象思維訓練;在課文講解中要盡可能不用漢語翻譯而用英語解釋,消除漢語思維的影響;要努力創設良好的英語環境,在英語交際中發展英語思維能力。
寫好英語段落的三個標准
首先,一個段落必須有一個中心即主題思想,該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來表達。整個段落必須緊扣這個主題(stick or hold to the topic),這就是段落的統一性(unity)。其次,一個段落必須有若干推展句,使主題思想得到充分展開,從而給讀者一個完整的感覺,這就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者,一個段落不是雜亂無章的,而是有機的組合,句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯,從一個句子到另一個句子的過渡必須流暢(smooth),這就是連貫性(coherence)。下面我們就對這三個標准分別加以說明。
1、統一性
一個段落內的各個句子必須從屬於一個中心,任何游離於中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主題句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出現兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,這一段是講的是Joe and I ,中間出現一個Bella是不合適的。還有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關。考生在四級統考的作文卷上常常因為造出irrelevant sentences(不相關語句)而丟分,值得引起注意。再看一個例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一個是My mother was a premature baby.
從上面兩個例子可以看出,native speakers同樣會造出來irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果這種句子多了,造成偏題或離題,那問題就更嚴重了。
2、完整性
正象我們前面說得那樣,一個段落的主題思想靠推展句來實現,如果只有主題句而沒有推展句來進一步交待和充實,就不能構成一個完整的段落。同樣,雖然有推展句,但主題思想沒有得到相對圓滿的交待,給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問題。什麼是「a mind in turmoil」(心境不平靜)Physical work又如何能改變這種情況?為什麼它能起therapy的作用?讀者得不到明確的答案。由於四級統考的作文部分只要求寫一篇100~120個詞的三段式短文,每一段只有大約40個詞左右,因此,要達到完整就必須盡可能地簡明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表達的主題思想是一種看法,必須有具體事例加以驗證。上述兩個推展句只是在文字上對主題作些解釋,整個段落內容空洞,簡而不明。如果用一兩個具體的例子的話,就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming 「Help」?
3、連貫性(coherence)
連貫性包括意連和形連兩個方面,前者指的是內在的邏輯性,後者指的是使用轉換詞語。當然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒有意連,句子之間就沒有內在的有機的聯系;反之,只有意連而沒有形連,有時行文就不夠流暢。
1)、意連
段落中句子的排列應遵循一定的次序,不能想到什麼就寫什麼。如果在下筆之前沒有構思,邊寫邊想,寫寫停停,那就寫不出一氣呵成的好文章來。下面介紹幾種常見的排列方式。
A.按時間先後排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段從「rose」(起床)寫起,然後是吃早餐(「not to miss breakfast」, 「closing at nine o'clock」),然後是「close to noon」,一直寫到這一天結束(「By nine——」)。
B. 按位置遠近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的寫法是由遠及近,從遠處(「from a distance」)寫起,然後「get closer」,再到(「ten feet away」),最後是「inside the pagoda」……當然,按位置遠近來寫不等於都是由遠及近。根據需要,也可以由近及遠,由表及裡等等。
C. 按邏輯關系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性順序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
這一段談的是表達能力,它的重要性與職業,身份有關,從「not need much skill」或「of little importance」到「more important」,最後是「most important」。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that 「sanguine」 and 「sanguinary」 mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
這一段談的是a writer's carelessness,先給出一個general statement作為主題句,然後通過5個 」perhaps」加以例證。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主題句是段首句,它僅提出一個問題:為什麼兩只貓會被搞混。然後對兩者進行比較,末句才下結論。
2)、形連
行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當的轉換詞語及其他手段來實現。請讀下面這一段文字並找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上啟下的詞語有兩種,一種是轉換詞語(transitional words or phrases),另一種是起轉換作用的其他連接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.後者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有詞彙105個,所使用的轉換詞語及其他連接用語共26個詞,約占該段總詞彙量的四分之一。由此可見,掌握好transitions不僅對行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且對於學生在半個小時內寫足四級短文所要求的120個詞也是不無好處的。
一個段落里如果沒有transitions也就很難有coherence了。我們看下面一個例子:Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句開頭出現一個起過渡作用的」it」之外,沒有使用其他的過渡詞語。這樣,文中出現許多重復的詞語,全段讀起來也顯得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的過渡詞語來修飾的話,這一段就成了下面一個流暢連貫的段落:
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有損連貫性的幾種情況:
考生在寫作中經常出現下面幾種錯誤:
1、不必要的改變時態,比如:
In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改變單復數,比如:
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改變人稱,比如:
Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此寫作中,一定要注意時態,人稱以及數的變化是否正確,要注意保持一致。