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提高英語寫作能力寫作的重要性

發布時間:2021-01-26 17:34:13

『壹』 如何提高英語寫作能力案例分析

一、 案例背景
(一) 問題提出
語言是人們思想交流的工具,有聲語言和書寫語言是語言交流的兩種媒介。寫作是學習者英語綜合能力的體現。高中英語新課程標准對寫作提出了更高的要求,八級要求為「能根據所讀文章進行轉述或寫摘要;能根據用文字級圖表提供的信息寫短文或報告;能寫出與一連關切結構完整的短文,敘述事情或表達觀點和態度;能在寫作中做到文體規范、語句通順」。但在教學中或在高考閱卷中常常發現:學生的審題能力差,偏離主題現象嚴重;文章詞語貧乏,語言素材不豐富,句子意識差;表達不得體,結構單一,缺少連貫性,篇章意識差等等,在學生的口語表達能力有較大提高的情況下,學生的寫作能力還相對滯後。可以說,長期以來,寫作一直是困擾我國英語教學的一大難題。學生面對寫作任務時常常不知從何下手。這一嚴重現象的出現,筆者認為有以下幾個原因:
1.目前高中英語教學中一般不開設專門的英語寫作課,沒有對學生英語寫作基本功進行系統訓練,往往是在高考前期進行短期的突擊性應試模擬訓練,平時對學生寫作技能的培養較少。
2.學生的閱讀量小和閱讀面窄,造成詞彙量小,寫作語言素材貧乏。
3.學生良好的閱讀策略與寫作策略缺少,導致學生的篇章意識差等。
為了適應發展中的社會,滿足社會的需求,使高中畢業生的英語寫作水平達到高中英語新課程標準的八級或九級的寫作目標,高中英語教學中對學生寫作技能的培養必須是長期的、有目的循序漸進的寫作技能培養。閱讀是語言輸入的主要途徑,更是寫作的基礎。閱讀能給學生提供大量的寫作素材,通過閱讀,學生可以積累詞彙,儲存句法、語篇知識,學習遣詞造句、布局謀篇的寫作技巧。大量閱讀又有助於培養語感,並逐步養成用英語思考的習慣。用英語寫作就必須用英語思考,這與大量閱讀是分不開的。否則,就會寫出中文式英語。不要閱讀談寫作猶如談無米之炊。自己在教學實踐中,逐步形成了以下設想:高中階段對學生進行「多而雜」的閱讀訓練,即向學生提供程度相當、題材廣泛的閱讀材料,結合單元話題補充相應的課外閱讀材料, 在閱讀中擴大學生的語言詞彙、強化語言結構、介紹文化背景知識篇章結構知識、訓練篇章理解能力,再結合閱讀指導學生寫作,將閱讀成果轉化為寫作, 提高英語寫作能力。
(二)理論依據:
1.語言習得理論:美國語言學家克拉申(S. D. Krashen)在二十世紀七十年代提出了「語言習得」理論。該理論認為,人們掌握某一種語言所通過的方式主要有兩種:一種是習得(acquisition),另外一種是學習(learning)。所謂「習得」是指學習者通過與外界的交際實踐,無意識地吸收到該種語言,並在無意識的情況下,流利、正確地使用該語言。在英語課堂教學中,筆者認為應通過學生之間和師生之間的交流獲得思維的碰撞,在這種潛移默化的語言習得中促進學生英語的學習。而「學習」是指有意識地研究且以理智的方式來理解某種語言(一般指母語之外的第二語言)的過程。學生只有在大量接觸和使用真實、自然的語言中,才能養成運用英語的能力。
二、閱讀與寫作教學的結合案例
(一)教學設計
設計意圖:運用「討論式」的英語教學模式和採用「任務型」英語教學途徑,培養同學們的聽說讀寫能力,突出閱讀和寫作技能訓練、學習策略的培養、閱讀和寫作的實踐,從而使學生領會語言信息的輸入與輸出、閱讀和寫作之間的內在聯系,並引導學生獨立思考並以討論、合作學習的方式練習英語寫作。
(二)教材分析
1新頒布的《英語課程標准》明確指出此次英語課程改革的重點就是要改變英語教學過分重視語法和詞法知識的講解與傳授,忽視對學生實際語言運用能力的傾向。強調從學生的學習興趣、生活經驗和認知水平出發,倡導體驗、實踐、參與、合作與交流的學習方式,發展學生的綜合語言運用能力。因此,在教學中,教師不應採取滿堂灌的教學模式,而應將語言的形式與意義和真實情景結合起來,提供給學生一個觀察,發現,體驗、實踐而習得語言的平台。
2本案例的中心話題是艾滋病。通過課文學習學生知道了艾滋病是怎麼一回事、艾滋病的傳播途徑以及目前世界上青少年患艾滋病的情況,讓學生對當今世界艾滋病的現狀有一個更深入的了解。在此基礎上,使學生懂得設身處地地為他人著想,傾聽艾滋病人的心聲,並最終轉化為對艾滋病人的同情和關注,高度升華了本課的主題,並取得了知識教育與道德教育的雙重成功。
(三)學情分析
教學的對象是高二學生,思維活躍,他們稍微了解一些艾滋病的知識,但詞彙量掌握的非常少,通過閱讀課文,可極大的擴充學生這方面的詞彙量,能夠開展話題討論,各抒己見。與此同時,他們具備了一定的計算機基礎知識和網上搜索信息和查閱知識的能力。這些都為此寫作課奠定了良好地基礎。
(四)教學目標
1.知識技能:了解和掌握艾滋病的一些詞彙,短語表達等,掌握課文中描繪艾滋病人相關的詞彙和句型,如「With the help of 、look like 、deal with、…They work as a …、They can…and…、a deadly disease」並讓學生在此基礎上加以運用,完成自己的一篇演講稿 「Cherish your life & prevent AIDS」的寫作教學任務。
2.能力培養:為學生設置具體的語言環境,使學生較好地完成圍繞怎樣幫助艾滋病人和珍愛生命為主題的話題,培養學生的英語思維能力,語言表達能力和一定的寫作能力,以及通過課堂上師生,生生互動,培養自主,合作和探究的能力。
3.情感態度:在師生互動的活動中,激發學生的學習興趣,加強教師的親和力,增進師生之間與生生之間的了解和溝通,充分發揮情感教學的優勢。學生能在情景中分享豐富的情感體驗,感受寫作完成後的成功和喜悅。與此同時,通過對圍繞怎樣幫助艾滋病人和珍愛生命為主題的話題的討論和寫作,以培養學生的創造能力和想像能力。
(五)教學重點和難點
1.調動學生學習的積極性,讓他們主動參與學習活動是教學的重點之一。
2.通過設置任務,啟發學生討論,激活學生思維,激發學生的寫作興趣,學會寫作關於珍愛生命這類話題的文章。
3.在交流中培養學生的交際策略,幫助其掌握用英語表達觀點和做決定的功能用語。
(六)學習環境
多媒體教室
(七)課前准備
教師:研讀教材和新課程標准,設計教案和任務型作業;上網收集相關資料並製作課件。
學生:鼓勵學生課前認真預習課文並主動通過網路查找資料,充分的自我准備。教師提供相關網路讓他們上網查找有關的信息並做匯報並寫一篇珍愛生命的文章

『貳』 關於如何提高英語寫作能力的英語作文

也有一些幫助(批改網從網路上一搜就可以找到)平時注意詞彙的積累和辨析,英語專好的同屬學)給你批改一下,背一篇範文,系統會自動修正你的一些語法和拼寫錯誤,還可以把寫好的作文拿給英語水平較高的人(比如老師,有詳細說明哦,提升很快的,你也可以把你的文章放到批改網上去,若沒這樣的條件,寫作時詞語可以有多種替換,希望對你有幫助對於英語寫作來說詞彙量很重要,自己寫一篇,可以買一本英語寫作的書

『叄』 關於提高學生英語寫作能力的幾點建議

培養學生的英語口、筆頭交際能力是整個初中階段英語教學的目的之一。其中「寫」又是較高層次的信息系統,它要求學生具有較高的書面語言表達能力。而英語的寫作能力又是語言知識和語言運用技能的綜合體現。「冰凍三尺,非一日之寒。」要提高英語的寫作能力,絕非一日之功,必須從基礎抓起,並由簡到繁,由易到難,循序漸進,持之以恆地堅持訓練。因此,從初一開始,老師就應對學生有計劃、有步驟地進行寫作訓練,避免對學生進行中考前突擊而產生被動。
一、了解重要性 明確目的性
寫作能幫助我們提高使用英語的准確性。只要寫一個句子,更不用說一段、一篇,就得力求句法、用詞、拼寫、大寫、標點等等完全正確,而且與前後句聯系緊密,語氣連貫。寫和說不同,寫好後可以檢查修改,而一次修改就是一次提高。寫得越多,語言就會越准確。
寫作能擴大所用語言的范圍。論文檢測,動機。論文檢測,動機。口語所用的語言一般是比較簡單的常用的,復雜的或文雅的語言很少用,也不宜用。而寫作所用的語言則是多種多樣的,從極其簡單的到極其復雜的都用得上,所用的詞彙和句型比口語中常用的要多,這對掌握英語當然極有好處。
寫作訓練幫助學生提高邏輯思考及分析能力。寫一篇作文,不論長短,都需要妥善地組織材料,得出結論,做到重點突出,條理清楚。這樣,在鍛煉寫作能力的同時,也鍛煉了分析與處理實際問題的能力。
寫作要求認真仔細,一絲不苟。從一詞一句到全篇結構,都必須仔細琢磨,反復推敲。還要抄寫工整,格式正確。所以在寫作聯系中可以培養嚴謹的學習作風。
寫作對閱讀、聽力、口語有促進作用。自己知道寫作的甘苦,對別人的寫法就會敏感一些。分析問題的能力提高了,聽別人說話就會善於抓住要點。語言質量提高了,口語也會准確一些。
二、發現問題 尋找原因
目前初中英語教學中的書面表達相對滯後,學生的寫作水平提高甚微,形成了「聽到寫作學生心煩,見到習作教師不願」的現象,尋找其原因是多方面的。論文檢測,動機。學生方面:(1)漢語影響、生詞造句;(2)詞彙貧乏、搭配不當;(3)句型誤用、語法不通;(4)信息不全、條理紊亂。這些原因造成了學生從最初不會寫、盲目寫到不願寫、懼怕寫,直至最後拒絕寫的惡性循環。
三、多種方法兼用 全面提高能力
1.激發學生的寫作動機,保持學生寫作興趣
在教學過程中,教師要善於激發學生寫作的動機,通過提供令學生感興趣的話題(如你最喜歡哪種體育運動,為什麼?假期你有何打算?等)或在初一時經常進行簡易而有趣的看圖寫話,讓學生感到學英語的樂趣;初二開始可根據教學進程及相關單元課文摘要詞。學生定會在平時的鍛煉中不斷提高寫作技巧,不斷提高寫作興趣。 設置交際情景,捕捉學生的興趣熱點,使學生產生寫的動機和願望, 幫助他們走上願寫、樂寫、善寫的良性循環的軌道。
2.聽、說、讀、寫相結合,全面提高寫作水平
英語教學大綱中指出:「通過聽、說、讀、寫的綜合訓練,可以較好培養學生運用外語進行交際的能力」。而英語寫作能夠比較客觀地反映學生多方面的語言運用能力,諸如語言表達能力和思維組織能力等。針對目前我國學生英語寫作中普遍存在的懼怕寫作、漢語式作文現象、語法錯誤多等問題,筆者認為,在平時應當開展綜合型教學,將寫作與語言基本技能(聽、說、讀)的訓練相結合,從不同層次和不同角度來解決學生英語寫作中的諸多問題,全方面提高學生的寫作能力。
(1)聽與寫相結合
如果教師將聽力理解與寫作技能結合起來,即把寫作限制在特定的情景中,可使寫作練習成為綜合型的交際性語言練習。論文檢測,動機。聽與寫相結合的練習形式有:在聽的基礎上設計聽寫填空、正誤判斷並糾錯、選擇、聽後筆述句子、根據所聽內容概要寫作、模仿寫作等。聽與寫相結合的好處是:第一點,能在聽寫填空中暴露出學生拼寫及語法問題。第二點,既可培養學生聽音會意的能力,又可培養其譴詞造句的能力。第三點,概要寫作和模仿寫作不僅能評估學生的寫作能力,檢查其對輸入信息的理解,還能檢驗其能否寫出符合英語表達習慣,特定情景和文體要求的短文。
(2)說與寫相結合
語言的發展證明書面語是從口語發展來的,布里頓(Britton,1970)指出:「學生口語句型結構和表達方式往往是他們學習寫作的基礎。論文檢測,動機。」因此,口語是書面語的基礎,在校生說的能力主要靠課堂活動來提高,因此教師在課堂上要千方百計創設各種情景,充分營造課堂交際的氛圍,創造更多的機會,加強師生或學生間的對話交流,學生間相互對話,可以相互啟發,取長補短,使他們思路更加開闊,充分調動學生的學習積極性。對話是書面表達的好材料。學生在對話中,在教師的指導下,不斷糾正錯誤,表達內容精益求精,從而為書面表達奠定堅實的基礎。學生在操練聽、說、讀之後,通過寫的活動鞏固聽、說、讀學到

『肆』 如何提高英語寫作能力

談談如何提高英語寫作能力

關鍵詞:英語寫作能力 原則 方法
引言:英語寫作能力是英語聽、說、讀、寫四種基本能力之一,英語寫作能有效地促進語言知識的內化。Swain(1985)提出「可理解輸出」假設,認為包括寫在內的語言產生性運用有助於學習者檢驗目的語句法結構和詞語的使用,促進語言運用的自動化,有效地達到了語言習得的目的。通過寫作,英語知識不斷得到鞏固並內在化,有利於英語技能的全面發展。但是,英語寫作又是廣大英語學習者最感頭痛的問題之一,且容易被教師忽視,筆者以為如何提高英語寫作能力值得我們認真研究。本文就此談談初淺的看法。
一、提高英語寫作能力的原則
(一)漸進性原則。要堅持「句—段—篇」的訓練程序,由易到難,循序漸進。在英語寫作的初始階段,要始終注意培養學生良好的寫作習慣,狠抓基本功訓練。在學生掌握了基本句型並能寫出簡單句子後,再要求學生根據一些體例寫出小段的文章。在段落寫作中要引導學生分析段落的結構、段落的中心句、句與句之間的邏輯關系、寫作手法等,這樣有利於下一步一篇文章的寫作。在文章寫作中要教會學生如何構思文章、如何運用正確的寫作技巧等。
(二)多樣性原則。要堅持訓練形式的多樣化及寫作文體的多樣性。從形式上而言,可以用回答提問的口頭作文,也可以用續寫故事;可以改寫課文,也可以仿寫課文;可以寫提綱訓練謀篇布局,也可以寫拓展段訓練發散思維……。從文體上而言,可以寫說明文、議論文、記敘文,也可以寫書信、便條、通知等實用文體。
(三)結合性原則。要堅持聽說讀訓練和寫訓練相結合。根據語言習得理論,學習者在學習時常先通過聽和讀吸取語言知識,從而了解別人的思想,再通過說和寫來表達自己的思想,讓別人了解自己。大量的聽說訓練能促進讀寫能力的提高。因此,寫與聽說讀緊密結合,進行多元化的能力訓練,可使學生的各項能力互相影響、互相滲透、互相促進。
(四)控制性原則。要堅持寫作前的指導,控制學生的漢語語言思維,發展英語語言思維。語言學習在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非隨心所欲地自由表達。教師要加強寫作前的指導,可給出範文讓學生模仿,以熟悉其語篇結構。同時要控制其漢語語言思維,盡可能讓學生習慣英語語言思維,以便於學生學習和掌握地道、正確的英語。
(五)持久性原則。要堅持長期、正確的寫作訓練。英語寫作能力的提高並非一朝一夕之事,而是一個長期的、艱巨的、漸進的過程。這就要求教師、學生都要有充分的思想准備,要有堅韌不拔的意志和必勝的信心。
二、提高英語寫作能力的方法。
(一)通過積累詞彙量,提高英語寫作能力。猶如土木磚石是建築的材料一樣,詞彙是說話寫作的必需材料,也是制約寫作能力提高的瓶頸。可以想像,如果要寫一個句子,10個單詞有8個單詞拼寫錯誤或拼寫不出,有2
個單詞用法不當,又怎麼能清楚地表達自己的思想呢?因此,在平時的教學中要強調學生記憶單詞,記住單詞的拼讀、用法、意思等。記憶單詞的方法有很多,各人有各人的記憶方法和習慣,可因人而異。教師可通過要求學生朗讀單詞、聽寫單詞、默寫單詞、遣詞造句、詞彙競賽等多種方法促進學生記單詞。記憶單詞是一個長期的反復的過程,要長期地堅持下去,才能不斷積累大量的詞彙,為英語寫作打下堅實的基礎。
(二)通過擴大閱讀量,提高英語寫作能力。古人雲「熟讀唐詩三百首,不會作詩也會吟」,這是漢語的一種學習方法,同樣可借鑒於英語寫作。多閱讀是學生增加接觸英語語言材料、接受信息、活躍思維、增長智力的一種途徑,同時也是培養學生英語思維能力、提高理解力、增強語感、鞏固和擴大詞彙量的一種好方法,有利於促進英語寫作能力的提高。在閱讀訓練中,教師要注意以下問題:一是指導閱讀方法,分析文章結構、中心思想、段落中心句、寫作方法等,幫助學生掌握各類文章的結構及寫作方法。二要精讀與泛讀相結合,通過推敲優秀的文章來學會寫作方法和選詞用詞;通過大量的泛讀來吸取信息量,擴大詞彙量。三要擴大閱讀量。提供閱讀的材料涉及面要廣,才能不斷擴大學生的知識面,使學生適應各種題材的寫作。
(三)通過提高聽說能力,提高英語寫作能力。英語聽說讀寫四種能力是相互影響、相互促進的,提高聽說能力必定會促進寫作能力的提高。要提高聽說能力關鍵在於創設一個良好的英語環境。教師要盡可能地用英語授課,多開展專門的聽說訓練,同時開展豐富多彩的課外英語活動,讓學生沉浸在英語海洋中去領略、去體會、去使用英語,久而久之,學生自然能使用正確的、地道的英語進行交談與寫作。
(四)通過重視寫作過程,提高英語寫作能力。長期以來,英語寫作成果教學法(THE PRODUCT
APPROACH)在我國居於主導地位,教師根據寫作的終成品來判斷寫作的成敗,重視寫作的技術性細節(如格式、拼寫、語法等),忽視寫作過程的指導。根據D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的連通論(Connectionism)理論,寫作包括寫前階段、具體寫作、文章修改三個基本過程,這三個過程並非是線性排列,而是循環往復,穿插進行的。教師只有重視加強對寫作三個過程的指導,才能更好地提高英語寫作能力。在寫作前階段,教師重在指導學生如何挖掘題材,訓練發散性思維,以及如何選擇材料、謀篇布局等。在具體寫作中,教師重在指導學生如何緊扣主題、運用正確的寫作方法等。在文章修改中,教師重在指導學生如何修改語法及用詞的錯誤。
(五)通過多寫英語摘要,提高英語寫作能力。英語摘要是把一篇文章的要點摘錄出來,用自己的語言使之獨立成一篇短文,這不是簡單的摘錄,而是忠於原文意思的再創作。寫英語摘要有利於學生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章結構,從而提高學生的邏輯思維能力和謀篇布局能力。
(六)通過發展英語語言思維能力,提高英語寫作能力。英語寫作是運用已掌握的內在化語言知識和表達方法,通過思維進行外在化輸出的創作,因此英語語言思維能力在英語寫作中作用非凡。對於我國學生而言,在英語寫作中易受漢語語言思維的影響,難以直接用英語語言進行思維,不利於英語寫作能力的提高,因此發展其英語語言思維能力尤為重要。教師要注意對學生的英語語言思維進行多方位、多角度的訓練:要採取各種方法訓練學生英語語言思維的廣闊性、深刻性、發散性和創造性;要教會學生用英語思考問題、回答問題;要從訓練形象思維開始,逐步過渡到抽象思維訓練;在課文講解中要盡可能不用漢語翻譯而用英語解釋,消除漢語思維的影響;要努力創設良好的英語環境,在英語交際中發展英語思維能力。

寫好英語段落的三個標准

首先,一個段落必須有一個中心即主題思想,該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來表達。整個段落必須緊扣這個主題(stick or hold to the topic),這就是段落的統一性(unity)。其次,一個段落必須有若干推展句,使主題思想得到充分展開,從而給讀者一個完整的感覺,這就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者,一個段落不是雜亂無章的,而是有機的組合,句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯,從一個句子到另一個句子的過渡必須流暢(smooth),這就是連貫性(coherence)。下面我們就對這三個標准分別加以說明。
1、統一性
一個段落內的各個句子必須從屬於一個中心,任何游離於中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主題句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出現兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,這一段是講的是Joe and I ,中間出現一個Bella是不合適的。還有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關。考生在四級統考的作文卷上常常因為造出irrelevant sentences(不相關語句)而丟分,值得引起注意。再看一個例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一個是My mother was a premature baby.
從上面兩個例子可以看出,native speakers同樣會造出來irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果這種句子多了,造成偏題或離題,那問題就更嚴重了。
2、完整性
正象我們前面說得那樣,一個段落的主題思想靠推展句來實現,如果只有主題句而沒有推展句來進一步交待和充實,就不能構成一個完整的段落。同樣,雖然有推展句,但主題思想沒有得到相對圓滿的交待,給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問題。什麼是「a mind in turmoil」(心境不平靜)Physical work又如何能改變這種情況?為什麼它能起therapy的作用?讀者得不到明確的答案。由於四級統考的作文部分只要求寫一篇100~120個詞的三段式短文,每一段只有大約40個詞左右,因此,要達到完整就必須盡可能地簡明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表達的主題思想是一種看法,必須有具體事例加以驗證。上述兩個推展句只是在文字上對主題作些解釋,整個段落內容空洞,簡而不明。如果用一兩個具體的例子的話,就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming 「Help」?
3、連貫性(coherence)
連貫性包括意連和形連兩個方面,前者指的是內在的邏輯性,後者指的是使用轉換詞語。當然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒有意連,句子之間就沒有內在的有機的聯系;反之,只有意連而沒有形連,有時行文就不夠流暢。
1)、意連
段落中句子的排列應遵循一定的次序,不能想到什麼就寫什麼。如果在下筆之前沒有構思,邊寫邊想,寫寫停停,那就寫不出一氣呵成的好文章來。下面介紹幾種常見的排列方式。
A.按時間先後排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段從「rose」(起床)寫起,然後是吃早餐(「not to miss breakfast」, 「closing at nine o'clock」),然後是「close to noon」,一直寫到這一天結束(「By nine——」)。
B. 按位置遠近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的寫法是由遠及近,從遠處(「from a distance」)寫起,然後「get closer」,再到(「ten feet away」),最後是「inside the pagoda」……當然,按位置遠近來寫不等於都是由遠及近。根據需要,也可以由近及遠,由表及裡等等。
C. 按邏輯關系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性順序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
這一段談的是表達能力,它的重要性與職業,身份有關,從「not need much skill」或「of little importance」到「more important」,最後是「most important」。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that 「sanguine」 and 「sanguinary」 mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
這一段談的是a writer's carelessness,先給出一個general statement作為主題句,然後通過5個 」perhaps」加以例證。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主題句是段首句,它僅提出一個問題:為什麼兩只貓會被搞混。然後對兩者進行比較,末句才下結論。
2)、形連
行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當的轉換詞語及其他手段來實現。請讀下面這一段文字並找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上啟下的詞語有兩種,一種是轉換詞語(transitional words or phrases),另一種是起轉換作用的其他連接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.後者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有詞彙105個,所使用的轉換詞語及其他連接用語共26個詞,約占該段總詞彙量的四分之一。由此可見,掌握好transitions不僅對行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且對於學生在半個小時內寫足四級短文所要求的120個詞也是不無好處的。
一個段落里如果沒有transitions也就很難有coherence了。我們看下面一個例子:Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句開頭出現一個起過渡作用的」it」之外,沒有使用其他的過渡詞語。這樣,文中出現許多重復的詞語,全段讀起來也顯得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的過渡詞語來修飾的話,這一段就成了下面一個流暢連貫的段落:
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有損連貫性的幾種情況:
考生在寫作中經常出現下面幾種錯誤:
1、不必要的改變時態,比如:
In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改變單復數,比如:
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改變人稱,比如:
Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此寫作中,一定要注意時態,人稱以及數的變化是否正確,要注意保持一致。

『伍』 怎麼提高英語寫作能力翻譯能力

我是2010年考研來的學生,我的英源語並不好,僅僅過了四級,為了英語能有所突破,我每天清晨背誦一篇新概念3冊的課文,當然後來的文章越來越長,就變成兩天一篇課文,每天堅持背誦40分鍾。同時也要背誦英語單詞,我看的是徐綻的考研單詞書,還是蠻好的,只看第一部分,大概120頁左右,每天5頁,24天一個輪回,到考研之前看了很多遍。在寫作和閱讀之前,我重點練習翻譯。從1994年到2010年歷年翻譯做了5遍,最後看到自己的漢語翻譯可以說出英文了。有了翻譯的功底,再去看閱讀,感覺就容易些了,歷年閱讀我大概做了3遍吧。至於寫作,呵呵,我並沒有像其他同學那樣去練習,對於大作文我寫了兩個模板,一個是寫有益事情的,一個是寫無益事情的,再背住作文中的常用詞,這樣便可以囊括考試所涉及的任何題目,記得一定要准備模板哦!對於小作文就沒有太好的辦法了,記住常考的模板吧。最後祝你考研成功!O(∩_∩)O~

『陸』 英語寫作在英語學習中的重要性

別急 會把英語寫作能力提高的
談談如何提高英語寫作能力

關鍵詞:英語寫作能力 原則 方法
引言:英語寫作能力是英語聽、說、讀、寫四種基本能力之一,英語寫作能有效地促進語言知識的內化。Swain(1985)提出「可理解輸出」假設,認為包括寫在內的語言產生性運用有助於學習者檢驗目的語句法結構和詞語的使用,促進語言運用的自動化,有效地達到了語言習得的目的。通過寫作,英語知識不斷得到鞏固並內在化,有利於英語技能的全面發展。但是,英語寫作又是廣大英語學習者最感頭痛的問題之一,且容易被教師忽視,筆者以為如何提高英語寫作能力值得我們認真研究。本文就此談談初淺的看法。
一、提高英語寫作能力的原則
(一)漸進性原則。要堅持「句—段—篇」的訓練程序,由易到難,循序漸進。在英語寫作的初始階段,要始終注意培養學生良好的寫作習慣,狠抓基本功訓練。在學生掌握了基本句型並能寫出簡單句子後,再要求學生根據一些體例寫出小段的文章。在段落寫作中要引導學生分析段落的結構、段落的中心句、句與句之間的邏輯關系、寫作手法等,這樣有利於下一步一篇文章的寫作。在文章寫作中要教會學生如何構思文章、如何運用正確的寫作技巧等。
(二)多樣性原則。要堅持訓練形式的多樣化及寫作文體的多樣性。從形式上而言,可以用回答提問的口頭作文,也可以用續寫故事;可以改寫課文,也可以仿寫課文;可以寫提綱訓練謀篇布局,也可以寫拓展段訓練發散思維……。從文體上而言,可以寫說明文、議論文、記敘文,也可以寫書信、便條、通知等實用文體。
(三)結合性原則。要堅持聽說讀訓練和寫訓練相結合。根據語言習得理論,學習者在學習時常先通過聽和讀吸取語言知識,從而了解別人的思想,再通過說和寫來表達自己的思想,讓別人了解自己。大量的聽說訓練能促進讀寫能力的提高。因此,寫與聽說讀緊密結合,進行多元化的能力訓練,可使學生的各項能力互相影響、互相滲透、互相促進。
(四)控制性原則。要堅持寫作前的指導,控制學生的漢語語言思維,發展英語語言思維。語言學習在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非隨心所欲地自由表達。教師要加強寫作前的指導,可給出範文讓學生模仿,以熟悉其語篇結構。同時要控制其漢語語言思維,盡可能讓學生習慣英語語言思維,以便於學生學習和掌握地道、正確的英語。
(五)持久性原則。要堅持長期、正確的寫作訓練。英語寫作能力的提高並非一朝一夕之事,而是一個長期的、艱巨的、漸進的過程。這就要求教師、學生都要有充分的思想准備,要有堅韌不拔的意志和必勝的信心。
二、提高英語寫作能力的方法。
(一)通過積累詞彙量,提高英語寫作能力。猶如土木磚石是建築的材料一樣,詞彙是說話寫作的必需材料,也是制約寫作能力提高的瓶頸。可以想像,如果要寫一個句子,10個單詞有8個單詞拼寫錯誤或拼寫不出,有2
個單詞用法不當,又怎麼能清楚地表達自己的思想呢?因此,在平時的教學中要強調學生記憶單詞,記住單詞的拼讀、用法、意思等。記憶單詞的方法有很多,各人有各人的記憶方法和習慣,可因人而異。教師可通過要求學生朗讀單詞、聽寫單詞、默寫單詞、遣詞造句、詞彙競賽等多種方法促進學生記單詞。記憶單詞是一個長期的反復的過程,要長期地堅持下去,才能不斷積累大量的詞彙,為英語寫作打下堅實的基礎。
(二)通過擴大閱讀量,提高英語寫作能力。古人雲「熟讀唐詩三百首,不會作詩也會吟」,這是漢語的一種學習方法,同樣可借鑒於英語寫作。多閱讀是學生增加接觸英語語言材料、接受信息、活躍思維、增長智力的一種途徑,同時也是培養學生英語思維能力、提高理解力、增強語感、鞏固和擴大詞彙量的一種好方法,有利於促進英語寫作能力的提高。在閱讀訓練中,教師要注意以下問題:一是指導閱讀方法,分析文章結構、中心思想、段落中心句、寫作方法等,幫助學生掌握各類文章的結構及寫作方法。二要精讀與泛讀相結合,通過推敲優秀的文章來學會寫作方法和選詞用詞;通過大量的泛讀來吸取信息量,擴大詞彙量。三要擴大閱讀量。提供閱讀的材料涉及面要廣,才能不斷擴大學生的知識面,使學生適應各種題材的寫作。
(三)通過提高聽說能力,提高英語寫作能力。英語聽說讀寫四種能力是相互影響、相互促進的,提高聽說能力必定會促進寫作能力的提高。要提高聽說能力關鍵在於創設一個良好的英語環境。教師要盡可能地用英語授課,多開展專門的聽說訓練,同時開展豐富多彩的課外英語活動,讓學生沉浸在英語海洋中去領略、去體會、去使用英語,久而久之,學生自然能使用正確的、地道的英語進行交談與寫作。
(四)通過重視寫作過程,提高英語寫作能力。長期以來,英語寫作成果教學法(THE PRODUCT
APPROACH)在我國居於主導地位,教師根據寫作的終成品來判斷寫作的成敗,重視寫作的技術性細節(如格式、拼寫、語法等),忽視寫作過程的指導。根據D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的連通論(Connectionism)理論,寫作包括寫前階段、具體寫作、文章修改三個基本過程,這三個過程並非是線性排列,而是循環往復,穿插進行的。教師只有重視加強對寫作三個過程的指導,才能更好地提高英語寫作能力。在寫作前階段,教師重在指導學生如何挖掘題材,訓練發散性思維,以及如何選擇材料、謀篇布局等。在具體寫作中,教師重在指導學生如何緊扣主題、運用正確的寫作方法等。在文章修改中,教師重在指導學生如何修改語法及用詞的錯誤。
(五)通過多寫英語摘要,提高英語寫作能力。英語摘要是把一篇文章的要點摘錄出來,用自己的語言使之獨立成一篇短文,這不是簡單的摘錄,而是忠於原文意思的再創作。寫英語摘要有利於學生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章結構,從而提高學生的邏輯思維能力和謀篇布局能力。
(六)通過發展英語語言思維能力,提高英語寫作能力。英語寫作是運用已掌握的內在化語言知識和表達方法,通過思維進行外在化輸出的創作,因此英語語言思維能力在英語寫作中作用非凡。對於我國學生而言,在英語寫作中易受漢語語言思維的影響,難以直接用英語語言進行思維,不利於英語寫作能力的提高,因此發展其英語語言思維能力尤為重要。教師要注意對學生的英語語言思維進行多方位、多角度的訓練:要採取各種方法訓練學生英語語言思維的廣闊性、深刻性、發散性和創造性;要教會學生用英語思考問題、回答問題;要從訓練形象思維開始,逐步過渡到抽象思維訓練;在課文講解中要盡可能不用漢語翻譯而用英語解釋,消除漢語思維的影響;要努力創設良好的英語環境,在英語交際中發展英語思維能力。

寫好英語段落的三個標准

首先,一個段落必須有一個中心即主題思想,該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來表達。整個段落必須緊扣這個主題(stick or hold to the topic),這就是段落的統一性(unity)。其次,一個段落必須有若干推展句,使主題思想得到充分展開,從而給讀者一個完整的感覺,這就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者,一個段落不是雜亂無章的,而是有機的組合,句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯,從一個句子到另一個句子的過渡必須流暢(smooth),這就是連貫性(coherence)。下面我們就對這三個標准分別加以說明。
1、統一性
一個段落內的各個句子必須從屬於一個中心,任何游離於中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主題句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出現兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,這一段是講的是Joe and I ,中間出現一個Bella是不合適的。還有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關。考生在四級統考的作文卷上常常因為造出irrelevant sentences(不相關語句)而丟分,值得引起注意。再看一個例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一個是My mother was a premature baby.
從上面兩個例子可以看出,native speakers同樣會造出來irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果這種句子多了,造成偏題或離題,那問題就更嚴重了。
2、完整性
正象我們前面說得那樣,一個段落的主題思想靠推展句來實現,如果只有主題句而沒有推展句來進一步交待和充實,就不能構成一個完整的段落。同樣,雖然有推展句,但主題思想沒有得到相對圓滿的交待,給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問題。什麼是「a mind in turmoil」(心境不平靜)Physical work又如何能改變這種情況?為什麼它能起therapy的作用?讀者得不到明確的答案。由於四級統考的作文部分只要求寫一篇100~120個詞的三段式短文,每一段只有大約40個詞左右,因此,要達到完整就必須盡可能地簡明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表達的主題思想是一種看法,必須有具體事例加以驗證。上述兩個推展句只是在文字上對主題作些解釋,整個段落內容空洞,簡而不明。如果用一兩個具體的例子的話,就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming 「Help」?
3、連貫性(coherence)
連貫性包括意連和形連兩個方面,前者指的是內在的邏輯性,後者指的是使用轉換詞語。當然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒有意連,句子之間就沒有內在的有機的聯系;反之,只有意連而沒有形連,有時行文就不夠流暢。
1)、意連
段落中句子的排列應遵循一定的次序,不能想到什麼就寫什麼。如果在下筆之前沒有構思,邊寫邊想,寫寫停停,那就寫不出一氣呵成的好文章來。下面介紹幾種常見的排列方式。
A.按時間先後排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段從「rose」(起床)寫起,然後是吃早餐(「not to miss breakfast」, 「closing at nine o'clock」),然後是「close to noon」,一直寫到這一天結束(「By nine——」)。
B. 按位置遠近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的寫法是由遠及近,從遠處(「from a distance」)寫起,然後「get closer」,再到(「ten feet away」),最後是「inside the pagoda」……當然,按位置遠近來寫不等於都是由遠及近。根據需要,也可以由近及遠,由表及裡等等。
C. 按邏輯關系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性順序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
這一段談的是表達能力,它的重要性與職業,身份有關,從「not need much skill」或「of little importance」到「more important」,最後是「most important」。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that 「sanguine」 and 「sanguinary」 mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
這一段談的是a writer's carelessness,先給出一個general statement作為主題句,然後通過5個 」perhaps」加以例證。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主題句是段首句,它僅提出一個問題:為什麼兩只貓會被搞混。然後對兩者進行比較,末句才下結論。
2)、形連
行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當的轉換詞語及其他手段來實現。請讀下面這一段文字並找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上啟下的詞語有兩種,一種是轉換詞語(transitional words or phrases),另一種是起轉換作用的其他連接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.後者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有詞彙105個,所使用的轉換詞語及其他連接用語共26個詞,約占該段總詞彙量的四分之一。由此可見,掌握好transitions不僅對行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且對於學生在半個小時內寫足四級短文所要求的120個詞也是不無好處的。
一個段落里如果沒有transitions也就很難有coherence了。我們看下面一個例子:Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句開頭出現一個起過渡作用的」it」之外,沒有使用其他的過渡詞語。這樣,文中出現許多重復的詞語,全段讀起來也顯得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的過渡詞語來修飾的話,這一段就成了下面一個流暢連貫的段落:
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有損連貫性的幾種情況:
考生在寫作中經常出現下面幾種錯誤:
1、不必要的改變時態,比如:
In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改變單復數,比如:
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改變人稱,比如:
Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此寫作中,一定要注意時態,人稱以及數的變化是否正確,要注意保持一致。

『柒』 寫作的重要性寫一篇英語作文

As is known to all, writing is an important andnecessary skill for all students. However, many students don』t reallyunderstand the true importance of writing, as they just consider writing as atask of exam. As far as I am concerned, writing has deeper importance in manyways.
眾所周知,寫作對所有的學生來說是一項重要和必要的技能。但是,很多學生沒有真正明白寫作的重要性,因為他們只把寫作當做是考試的一項任務。在我看來,寫作在很多方面更重要。
Firstly, improving our ability of using words is abasic function of writing. For example, in order to write a good Englishcomposition, we must use every word carefully as much as possible to ensure itscorrectness. In the process, we have improved our ability of using words andwriting skills imperceptibly. In this aspect, writing is a good way tostrengthen our ability.
首先,提高我們用詞能力是寫作的一個基本功能。例如,為了寫好一篇英語作文,我們必須極可能謹慎使用每一個詞以確保文章的正確性。在這個過程中,我們不知不覺地提高了我們用詞能力和寫作技巧。從這一方面來看,寫作是加強能力的一個好方法。
Moreover, writing is an effective way to enlarge ourvocabulary. Different compositions we write need different vocabularies.Therefore, the more compositions we write, the more vocabularies we get. At thesame time, it is helpful to enlarge our reading.
其次,寫作是擴展我們的詞彙量的有效方法。我們所寫的不同作文需要不同的詞彙。所以,我們寫得越多,我們就掌握越多的詞彙。同時,這也有助於我們擴大閱讀量。
And last but not the least, writing makes greatcontribution to our logical thinking and analysis ability. For one thing, towrite a good composition, we must collect and arrange writing materialssystematically so that we can show off what is essential and what is not soimportant. In the process of dealing with materials, we are also learning toanalyze and deal with the different problems. For another, it is also a processto practice our own thinking ability and form different thoughts. By dealing withall kinds of compositions, we can get in touch with more thoughts and becomewiser.
最後但不是最不重要的一點,寫作對我們的邏輯思維和分析能力很有幫助。一方面,為了寫好一篇作文,我們必須系統地收集和整理寫作材料以便能夠掌握什麼事必要的,什麼又不是那麼重要的。在處理材料的過程中,我們也學會分析和處理不同問題。另一方面,這也是一個鍛煉我們思考能力和形成不同思維的過程。通過處理各種各樣的作文,我們可以接觸到更多的想法從而變得更理智。
In a word, writing is an important skill, especiallyfor language learners. Thus, we should improve our writing ability as much aspossible to improve our overall levels.
總之,寫作是一項重要的技能,特別是對語言學習者。因此,我們應該盡可能提高我們的學做能力以提高我們各方面水平。

『捌』 如何有效提高英語寫作能力

樓主應該成年了吧,成年人學英語首先要了解自己的基礎,你現在英語是什麼水版平,建權議先做一個英語測試,然後針對性的學習,在這方面洛基·英語比較有經驗。至於提高英語寫作能力,希望以下幾個方法對你有用哦。
第一,培養自己對英語的興趣,要真喜歡英語;如果不是喜歡,而是需要,可能就要多費點勁了。工作或生活有這個需要。如果是這樣,很容易、很快就學會。因為你日常會用到所學。
第二,先從聽說入手,然後逐漸進展到讀和寫。最重要的一點是堅持不斷地去寫,而且一定要有一個可以隨時幫你糾正錯誤的良師,這樣才能更快更好地提升。
第三,持之以恆。不要每一本書都只學歌開頭就放棄。這樣放棄幾回,你仍然在最初級水平。
第四,抓住竅門。每學一點東西,要善於找出規律性的東西,然後舉一反三。
第五,不恥下問、臉皮厚。就是不怕出錯。大膽說、大膽寫。

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