A. 怎樣才能提升英語寫作能力
要堅持聽說讀訓練和寫訓練相結合。學習者在學習時常先通過聽和版讀吸取語言知識,權從而了解別人的思想,再通過說和寫來表達自己的思想,大量的聽說訓練能促進讀寫能力的提高。因此,寫與聽說讀緊密結合,進行多元化的能力訓練。要堅持長期、正確的寫作訓練。英語寫作能力的提高並非一朝一夕之事,而是一個長期的、艱巨的、漸進的過程。
B. 如何快速提高英語寫作能力
瘋狂英語
放開嗓子響亮誦讀
我們班每天早讀多會這樣
很有幫助
考試中就算遇到不懂的單詞也會憑借語感輕鬆通過
C. 如何快速提高英語寫作能力
(一)掌握技巧:
(1)注意篇章結構,合理布局
開始部分(opening
paragraph)——說出文中的要點、核心問題。
正文部分(Body
paragraphs)——圍繞主題開展敘述、討論。
結尾部分(concluding
paragraphs)——對全文的總結和概括。
要做到全文中心突出、段落之間必須是有機地聯系,內容完整、連貫。前後呼應,祛除與主題無關的內容.
(2)確定主題句
主題句是對全文的概括,是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到「畫龍點睛」的作用。通常主題句出現在一篇文章的開頭,而後,全文對主題句所提出的內容進行解釋,擴展。
寫主題句應注意以下幾點:
①歸納出你要寫的文章的幾個要點
②提煉出一句具有概括性的話
③主題句應具有可讀性,抓住、吸引讀者。
(二)巧用連接詞
要想使文章有整體性、連貫性,就要學會正確使用連接詞
三)掌握常用句型
……引自威尼英文口語培訓網
D. 怎樣快速提高英語寫作能力
沒有別的辦法就是多寫多練,最好每天一篇,之後再看範文,看看自己和範文有什麼區別予以改進
E. 如何快速提升學生的英語寫作能力
第一,背誦範文。英語寫作一般包括記敘文,說明文,議論文和公文寫作。老師經過篩選,找出每種文體、題材各兩三篇文章(同時給學生提供中文說明或圖表),要求學生背誦,並限時檢查。俗話說得好,「熟讀唐詩三百首,不會作詩也會吟」。熟讀課文,熟背精彩段落,使學生逐步掌握英語基本的表達方法,增強英語語感,有助於學生模仿範文,再用自己的語言表達出來。而且,通過這些範文,學生熟練各種題材和體裁的寫作技巧,這是學生高考獲取高分的一條捷徑。經過一段時間的訓練,學生們就會有語言材料可寫,也能寫得出來,否則,只有「咬筆頭」了。這一點是寫作的基礎。
第二,聽寫練習。聽寫練習,一般可在每一單元教完之後進行。聽寫的內容包括單詞、固定片語以及含有本單元重點語法的句子。單詞、片語書寫正確是句子正確的前提和保證。聽寫課文上的句子,要體現各種時態、語態以及句型,這有助於學生仿照句型,編出自己的語句。這是英語寫作的基石。
第三,默寫練習。這一練習有助於學生整體把握段落篇章,然後轉化為學生自己的能力。課文上的英語語言,都是經過專家審訂的,具有權威性,精確性,有利於學生模仿寫作,也有助於學生深層次理解課文。每周在教學完一課或一單元之後,留出一點時間,限時讓學生默寫一段或幾段不等。當然,默寫前要要求學生提前准備,這樣,學生就必須先把這部份背誦,然後才會默寫。這也有利於學生聽說能力的培養。默寫完後,可讓學生相互參照範文評改,也可以老師抽改,再根據學生默寫情況進行點評。這樣不斷練習,學生們就會取得較快進步。
第四,單詞、片語及固定句型造句。這一練習是寫的一種有效的好方法。一般講到重點單詞、片語或句型,老師們也喜歡採用這種形式,讓學生在課堂或課後造句。對於在Checkpoint裡面的Useful expressions,讓學生採用造句形式,效果更佳。這不僅能增強學生運用英語的能力,而且也有利於老師檢查學生對本單元重點單詞、片語及句型的掌握程度。這是一條行之有效的方法,必須長期堅持。
第五,英漢互譯。這是一種傳統練習。採用漢英互譯練習形式,對練習寫作也有很大的幫助,它具有方法靈活,操作簡便的特點。學生可以在不經意間學習英語表達的方法。
第六,句型轉換,變通表達。在練習題中一般沒有這樣單純的句型轉換、同近義或反意詞轉換練習,但我們通過這樣的練習,使學生思路更活,不至於 「把自己綁在一棵樹上」。也就是說,當這種方式表達不出來或不完整,可用另一種方式來表達。如我們忘了句型「I went to school on foot this morning」,可用「I walked to school this morning」這一表達方式,這就使學生寫作時能夠更多地變通表達,以利於寫作水平的提高。這是寫作能力提高的「變通器」。
第七,短文改錯,使語言更加精當。這種題型本身就是高考寫的一種形式。這類題型,可以考察出學生綜合運用語言的能力。如時態一致、主謂一致、單復數一致、詞語搭配等等。通過這一練習,可使學生養成一種 「瞻前顧後,顧全大局」的良好思維方式,是向寫作進軍的前奏曲。
第八,改縮寫課文,漸離「本本」。這也是進一步學習課文的又一手段,可充分利用剛學過的英語語言,來表達學生要表達的類似語言。一般可以在教完一課,學生熟練掌握課文之後, 才做這一步,讓學生盡量使用本課的語言,同時,又要有自己的語言。可以在課堂上進行,也可作家庭作業,但一定要杜絕照抄書本。
第九,限時作文,當場批改。這種練習一般在課堂上進行效果較好。老師給一個寫作題目,讓學生當場作文。開始時,如時間不夠,可讓學生少寫,但一定要用正確的英語語言表達方式。老師當面批改,當面點評,學生當場訂正。這樣學生既感興趣,又能感受到進步的喜悅。以後每次寫作都可加幾句,看進展如何,然後決定增加字數的多少。這是一種效率高,見效快,學生樂於接受的好方式。如果學校有多媒體設備,那麼,操作起來更加方便,既能加大容量,又能節省時間,達到事半功倍的效果。
第十,堅持寫日記,增強英語思維能力。天天記日記,無形中增加了學生接觸英語的機會。剛開始可少寫幾句,以後逐漸增加字數。內容要靈活多樣,只要學生樂意,什麼都可寫,關鍵是要求語言的正確與流暢。當然,老師在改作文時不能全部改掉學生錯漏的地方,以免打擊學生的自信心。不管怎樣,老師應該多給學生以鼓勵表揚為主。
第十一,教授學生一定的寫作技巧,如不同文體,不同文風,時態和語法的前後照應等。要使習作成為一篇結構嚴謹,行文流暢的文章,一些連詞的使用非常必要。如after that , then , a few days/ years later, at last,therefore, luckily, unfortunately, on the contrary, in all等等的合理應用。這些語言應用得好,都會大大增強文章的說服力、整體感、流暢感和美感。因此,老師一定要求學生背誦一些連接詞。
誠然,寫作能力的提高不是一蹴而就的,而是一個長期的過程。教師指導寫作必須堅持從易到難,從少到多,從課本到課外,從慢到快的循序漸進的原則。更重要的是,要激發學生學習寫作的興趣和積極性,並持之以恆,否則一切都是空談。當然,在實施過程中,老師要根據班上的實情,適時適量,選取一種或幾種方法,靈活運用。相信,你的學生也會從中得到不小的收獲。
F. 怎樣才能在短時間內提升英文寫作水平
短時間內想要提升英文寫作水平的話,就只能是背模板,背句型,背段落了。多准內備幾個常用模容板,以備不時之需。
不管是英文寫作還是中文寫作都是一個日積月累的過程,不是一朝一夕能夠實現的,寫作的資源來源於日常生活,只有真情實感才能寫出深入人心的作品。
建議平時多看一些英文名著,多積累一些地道的英文諺語俚語,這樣可以為文章增色不少。增加閱讀量,讀的多了頭腦中的知識自然也就多了,寫作能力會隨之提高。提升詞彙量,豐富的詞彙會讓文章顯得比較高檔。
G. 怎樣提升自己英語寫作水平
怎樣提升自己英語寫作水平:
加強基礎知識的記憶學習。
一般我們最開始回學習英語的時答候,就開始學習英語單詞,學習語法,在學習這些基礎的時候一定要打牢,並且要能夠靈活的應用。在日常生活中,要積累大量的詞彙量作用是非常大的,這會對自己的英語寫作打下堅實的基礎。在寫文章的時候能夠靈活的應用是最好的。
養成閱讀的好習慣。
通過閱讀,可以不斷擴大和積累詞彙、素材和增強語感、活躍思維、增長智力,從而提高英語寫作能力。在閱讀訓練中,要經常背誦文詞優美的語句和段落,做好知識儲備,在寫作時,才會信手粘來,會讓自己的文章大放光彩,給自己的文章增添不一樣的色彩。
多加練習寫作
可以用雅思或者托福寫作的話題來練習,特別是雅思話題,它比較社會化,會涉及到"Environment","Ecation"以及"Culture"等跟生活息息相關的主題,非常適合用來練筆。養成每周寫上一兩篇文章的習慣,寫完後一定要嘗試著自己去修改,修改時重點關注句子間的邏輯性,用詞的准確性,得體性以及豐富度。寫完了以後,放個一兩天在拿起來修改一下,經過反復的練習,就會,發現自己的文章會有問題,經過多次的修改,就會有明顯的進步。
H. 如何提高英語寫作能力
談談如何提高英語寫作能力
關鍵詞:英語寫作能力 原則 方法
引言:英語寫作能力是英語聽、說、讀、寫四種基本能力之一,英語寫作能有效地促進語言知識的內化。Swain(1985)提出「可理解輸出」假設,認為包括寫在內的語言產生性運用有助於學習者檢驗目的語句法結構和詞語的使用,促進語言運用的自動化,有效地達到了語言習得的目的。通過寫作,英語知識不斷得到鞏固並內在化,有利於英語技能的全面發展。但是,英語寫作又是廣大英語學習者最感頭痛的問題之一,且容易被教師忽視,筆者以為如何提高英語寫作能力值得我們認真研究。本文就此談談初淺的看法。
一、提高英語寫作能力的原則
(一)漸進性原則。要堅持「句—段—篇」的訓練程序,由易到難,循序漸進。在英語寫作的初始階段,要始終注意培養學生良好的寫作習慣,狠抓基本功訓練。在學生掌握了基本句型並能寫出簡單句子後,再要求學生根據一些體例寫出小段的文章。在段落寫作中要引導學生分析段落的結構、段落的中心句、句與句之間的邏輯關系、寫作手法等,這樣有利於下一步一篇文章的寫作。在文章寫作中要教會學生如何構思文章、如何運用正確的寫作技巧等。
(二)多樣性原則。要堅持訓練形式的多樣化及寫作文體的多樣性。從形式上而言,可以用回答提問的口頭作文,也可以用續寫故事;可以改寫課文,也可以仿寫課文;可以寫提綱訓練謀篇布局,也可以寫拓展段訓練發散思維……。從文體上而言,可以寫說明文、議論文、記敘文,也可以寫書信、便條、通知等實用文體。
(三)結合性原則。要堅持聽說讀訓練和寫訓練相結合。根據語言習得理論,學習者在學習時常先通過聽和讀吸取語言知識,從而了解別人的思想,再通過說和寫來表達自己的思想,讓別人了解自己。大量的聽說訓練能促進讀寫能力的提高。因此,寫與聽說讀緊密結合,進行多元化的能力訓練,可使學生的各項能力互相影響、互相滲透、互相促進。
(四)控制性原則。要堅持寫作前的指導,控制學生的漢語語言思維,發展英語語言思維。語言學習在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非隨心所欲地自由表達。教師要加強寫作前的指導,可給出範文讓學生模仿,以熟悉其語篇結構。同時要控制其漢語語言思維,盡可能讓學生習慣英語語言思維,以便於學生學習和掌握地道、正確的英語。
(五)持久性原則。要堅持長期、正確的寫作訓練。英語寫作能力的提高並非一朝一夕之事,而是一個長期的、艱巨的、漸進的過程。這就要求教師、學生都要有充分的思想准備,要有堅韌不拔的意志和必勝的信心。
二、提高英語寫作能力的方法。
(一)通過積累詞彙量,提高英語寫作能力。猶如土木磚石是建築的材料一樣,詞彙是說話寫作的必需材料,也是制約寫作能力提高的瓶頸。可以想像,如果要寫一個句子,10個單詞有8個單詞拼寫錯誤或拼寫不出,有2
個單詞用法不當,又怎麼能清楚地表達自己的思想呢?因此,在平時的教學中要強調學生記憶單詞,記住單詞的拼讀、用法、意思等。記憶單詞的方法有很多,各人有各人的記憶方法和習慣,可因人而異。教師可通過要求學生朗讀單詞、聽寫單詞、默寫單詞、遣詞造句、詞彙競賽等多種方法促進學生記單詞。記憶單詞是一個長期的反復的過程,要長期地堅持下去,才能不斷積累大量的詞彙,為英語寫作打下堅實的基礎。
(二)通過擴大閱讀量,提高英語寫作能力。古人雲「熟讀唐詩三百首,不會作詩也會吟」,這是漢語的一種學習方法,同樣可借鑒於英語寫作。多閱讀是學生增加接觸英語語言材料、接受信息、活躍思維、增長智力的一種途徑,同時也是培養學生英語思維能力、提高理解力、增強語感、鞏固和擴大詞彙量的一種好方法,有利於促進英語寫作能力的提高。在閱讀訓練中,教師要注意以下問題:一是指導閱讀方法,分析文章結構、中心思想、段落中心句、寫作方法等,幫助學生掌握各類文章的結構及寫作方法。二要精讀與泛讀相結合,通過推敲優秀的文章來學會寫作方法和選詞用詞;通過大量的泛讀來吸取信息量,擴大詞彙量。三要擴大閱讀量。提供閱讀的材料涉及面要廣,才能不斷擴大學生的知識面,使學生適應各種題材的寫作。
(三)通過提高聽說能力,提高英語寫作能力。英語聽說讀寫四種能力是相互影響、相互促進的,提高聽說能力必定會促進寫作能力的提高。要提高聽說能力關鍵在於創設一個良好的英語環境。教師要盡可能地用英語授課,多開展專門的聽說訓練,同時開展豐富多彩的課外英語活動,讓學生沉浸在英語海洋中去領略、去體會、去使用英語,久而久之,學生自然能使用正確的、地道的英語進行交談與寫作。
(四)通過重視寫作過程,提高英語寫作能力。長期以來,英語寫作成果教學法(THE PRODUCT
APPROACH)在我國居於主導地位,教師根據寫作的終成品來判斷寫作的成敗,重視寫作的技術性細節(如格式、拼寫、語法等),忽視寫作過程的指導。根據D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的連通論(Connectionism)理論,寫作包括寫前階段、具體寫作、文章修改三個基本過程,這三個過程並非是線性排列,而是循環往復,穿插進行的。教師只有重視加強對寫作三個過程的指導,才能更好地提高英語寫作能力。在寫作前階段,教師重在指導學生如何挖掘題材,訓練發散性思維,以及如何選擇材料、謀篇布局等。在具體寫作中,教師重在指導學生如何緊扣主題、運用正確的寫作方法等。在文章修改中,教師重在指導學生如何修改語法及用詞的錯誤。
(五)通過多寫英語摘要,提高英語寫作能力。英語摘要是把一篇文章的要點摘錄出來,用自己的語言使之獨立成一篇短文,這不是簡單的摘錄,而是忠於原文意思的再創作。寫英語摘要有利於學生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章結構,從而提高學生的邏輯思維能力和謀篇布局能力。
(六)通過發展英語語言思維能力,提高英語寫作能力。英語寫作是運用已掌握的內在化語言知識和表達方法,通過思維進行外在化輸出的創作,因此英語語言思維能力在英語寫作中作用非凡。對於我國學生而言,在英語寫作中易受漢語語言思維的影響,難以直接用英語語言進行思維,不利於英語寫作能力的提高,因此發展其英語語言思維能力尤為重要。教師要注意對學生的英語語言思維進行多方位、多角度的訓練:要採取各種方法訓練學生英語語言思維的廣闊性、深刻性、發散性和創造性;要教會學生用英語思考問題、回答問題;要從訓練形象思維開始,逐步過渡到抽象思維訓練;在課文講解中要盡可能不用漢語翻譯而用英語解釋,消除漢語思維的影響;要努力創設良好的英語環境,在英語交際中發展英語思維能力。
寫好英語段落的三個標准
首先,一個段落必須有一個中心即主題思想,該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來表達。整個段落必須緊扣這個主題(stick or hold to the topic),這就是段落的統一性(unity)。其次,一個段落必須有若干推展句,使主題思想得到充分展開,從而給讀者一個完整的感覺,這就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者,一個段落不是雜亂無章的,而是有機的組合,句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯,從一個句子到另一個句子的過渡必須流暢(smooth),這就是連貫性(coherence)。下面我們就對這三個標准分別加以說明。
1、統一性
一個段落內的各個句子必須從屬於一個中心,任何游離於中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主題句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出現兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,這一段是講的是Joe and I ,中間出現一個Bella是不合適的。還有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關。考生在四級統考的作文卷上常常因為造出irrelevant sentences(不相關語句)而丟分,值得引起注意。再看一個例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有兩個irrelevant sentences,一個是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一個是My mother was a premature baby.
從上面兩個例子可以看出,native speakers同樣會造出來irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果這種句子多了,造成偏題或離題,那問題就更嚴重了。
2、完整性
正象我們前面說得那樣,一個段落的主題思想靠推展句來實現,如果只有主題句而沒有推展句來進一步交待和充實,就不能構成一個完整的段落。同樣,雖然有推展句,但主題思想沒有得到相對圓滿的交待,給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問題。什麼是「a mind in turmoil」(心境不平靜)Physical work又如何能改變這種情況?為什麼它能起therapy的作用?讀者得不到明確的答案。由於四級統考的作文部分只要求寫一篇100~120個詞的三段式短文,每一段只有大約40個詞左右,因此,要達到完整就必須盡可能地簡明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表達的主題思想是一種看法,必須有具體事例加以驗證。上述兩個推展句只是在文字上對主題作些解釋,整個段落內容空洞,簡而不明。如果用一兩個具體的例子的話,就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming 「Help」?
3、連貫性(coherence)
連貫性包括意連和形連兩個方面,前者指的是內在的邏輯性,後者指的是使用轉換詞語。當然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒有意連,句子之間就沒有內在的有機的聯系;反之,只有意連而沒有形連,有時行文就不夠流暢。
1)、意連
段落中句子的排列應遵循一定的次序,不能想到什麼就寫什麼。如果在下筆之前沒有構思,邊寫邊想,寫寫停停,那就寫不出一氣呵成的好文章來。下面介紹幾種常見的排列方式。
A.按時間先後排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段從「rose」(起床)寫起,然後是吃早餐(「not to miss breakfast」, 「closing at nine o'clock」),然後是「close to noon」,一直寫到這一天結束(「By nine——」)。
B. 按位置遠近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的寫法是由遠及近,從遠處(「from a distance」)寫起,然後「get closer」,再到(「ten feet away」),最後是「inside the pagoda」……當然,按位置遠近來寫不等於都是由遠及近。根據需要,也可以由近及遠,由表及裡等等。
C. 按邏輯關系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性順序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
這一段談的是表達能力,它的重要性與職業,身份有關,從「not need much skill」或「of little importance」到「more important」,最後是「most important」。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that 「sanguine」 and 「sanguinary」 mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
這一段談的是a writer's carelessness,先給出一個general statement作為主題句,然後通過5個 」perhaps」加以例證。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主題句是段首句,它僅提出一個問題:為什麼兩只貓會被搞混。然後對兩者進行比較,末句才下結論。
2)、形連
行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當的轉換詞語及其他手段來實現。請讀下面這一段文字並找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語:
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, ring his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上啟下的詞語有兩種,一種是轉換詞語(transitional words or phrases),另一種是起轉換作用的其他連接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.後者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有詞彙105個,所使用的轉換詞語及其他連接用語共26個詞,約占該段總詞彙量的四分之一。由此可見,掌握好transitions不僅對行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且對於學生在半個小時內寫足四級短文所要求的120個詞也是不無好處的。
一個段落里如果沒有transitions也就很難有coherence了。我們看下面一個例子:Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句開頭出現一個起過渡作用的」it」之外,沒有使用其他的過渡詞語。這樣,文中出現許多重復的詞語,全段讀起來也顯得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的過渡詞語來修飾的話,這一段就成了下面一個流暢連貫的段落:
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有損連貫性的幾種情況:
考生在寫作中經常出現下面幾種錯誤:
1、不必要的改變時態,比如:
In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改變單復數,比如:
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改變人稱,比如:
Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此寫作中,一定要注意時態,人稱以及數的變化是否正確,要注意保持一致。
I. 怎樣提高自己的英語寫作能力
想想以前小學的時候寫作文,我們是怎麼提高寫作能力的?
首先是老師教你怎麼分自然段,專怎麼表達主題,有了基本屬的骨架以後,我們再來用優美的句子填充內容,這個時候就會去買很多滿分作文,優秀作文來看,背誦一些優美段落。
英語寫作也是一樣的,把基本架了解以後,就要多看別人寫的優美文章,那些漂亮的從句,漂亮的用法,都可以跟著學,並且在自己寫的時候,要把它用進去。
J. 怎樣快速提高英語寫作水平
寫作指導
書面表達是綜合性強、難度大的題目。但是,當我們深入研究後就不難發現,書面表達實質上就是組詞成句、連句成篇的一項系統工程。只要我們抓好詞、句、段這三個環節,加強縮寫、改寫、仿寫等練習,由簡到繁、由易到難,一環扣一環地進行訓練,由模仿到活用,由操練到交際,就能使語言知識逐步轉化成言語交際能力。
(一)選詞
詞是語言的最小組成單位,不同詞性的片語合在一起構成句子。因此,要充分利用課文中出現的重點單詞、片語、句型,培養學生學習和識記單詞的能力。
1. 注意一詞多義的應用。如time一詞,在Times have changed中指「時代」;在six times the size of mine中指「倍數」;在in slow time中指「拍子」。切忌在寫文章下筆時,一詞濫用,似是而非。
2. 結合英語構詞法,同義反義比較,名詞的可數與不可數詞義的區別,加強對英語詞形變化的理解,擴充詞彙量。
3. 巧用過渡詞,增強文章邏輯性。為了使所寫短文通順,連貫得體,句子與句子之間過渡自然,提高所寫短文的質量,適當加上一些表示時間順序、遞進、因果、條件、讓步等關系的過渡詞是很有必要的。常見的過渡詞有:
(1)表時間順序的過渡詞:first,second,third,and then,finally,before,after a few days,at last,at that time,later,in the past,immediately,in the meanwhile等等。
(2)表空間順序的過渡詞:near(to),far(from),in the front of,beside,behind,beyond,above,below,to the right,to the left,on one side,on the other side of,outside等等。
(3)表並列的過渡詞:also,and,then,too,as well(as)等等。
(4)表轉折的過渡詞:but,yet,however,in spite of,otherwise等等。
(5)表遞進的過渡詞:what' s more,besides,what' s worse,in addition,furthermore,moreover,again等等。
(6)表目的的過渡詞:for this reason,for this purpose,so that;in order that,so as to,in order to等等。
(7)表因果的過渡詞:because,since,so,as a result,therefore,thus,as等等。
(8)表解釋說明的過渡詞:for example,in fact,in this case,for,actually等等。
(9)表條件的過渡詞:as long as,so long a5,on condition that,if,unless等等。
(10)表讓步的過渡詞:though,as,even if/though,who(what,when,where)ever等等。
(11)表總結的過渡詞:in brief,as has been stated,in a word等等。
(12)過渡性插入語:I think,I' m afraid,you know,as we all know等等。
(二)造句
句子是表達一個較完整意思的最小單位,所以遣詞造句的能力在英語寫作中是非常重要的,是書面表達成敗的關鍵。因此,加強造句訓練就顯得尤其重要。
1. 連詞成句:這是最基本的一種訓練形式。
如:
(1)father,for you,new,will buy,says,a bike可連成Father says,「I will buy a new bike for you. 」
(2)me,all right,write and tell,this will be,please,whether可連成Please write and tell me whether this will be all right.
2. 充分利用教材中特有的句型、句式、語法造句。
(1)句型、句式可使句子表達簡潔、准確,提高文章檔次。
It' s+ adj. +for sb. to do sth. 「對某人來講,做某事是……」。如:
It' s difficult for a child to do the job without help.
It' s no good/use…doing sth. 做某事沒好處/用處
It' s no use giving him any more money.
It is(has been)+時間+since…自從……好長時間了
It is(has been)5 years since he joined the army.
It' s not long before…不久……
It will not be long before be comes back.
It is/was…who/that…強調句型
It was yesterday that we visited the factory.
It seems that…好像……
It seems that she is happy. /She seems happy.
I don't think/believe/expect(that)…我認為……不
I don't think I know you.
Will you please…?請……好嗎?
Will you please help me?
Would you like sth. /to do sth. ?做……好嗎?
Would you like to have a cup of tea?
(2)用主從復合句、分詞作狀語、with復合結構等用法,可使語言描繪更加生動,增強文章的情感性和感召力。如:
What is more,it will become necessary to build gates and walls,which will do harm to the appearance of a city. (NMET 2002書面表達參考答案片段)
I don' t know about others,but l used to work even at weekends,doing endless homework and at tending Classes as well. (NMET 2001書面表達參考答案片段)
It' s a small flat of 25 square meters,with a bedroom,a bathroom and a kitchen. (NMET 2003書面表達參考答案片段)
How glad we were to see the crops and vegetables growing well. (NMET 1998書面表達參考答案片段)
(3)用句型替換練習增強語言的靈活性,拓寬表達空間。如:
這孩子太小,還不到上學的年齡。
The boy is too young to go to school.
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
The boy is not old enough to go to school.
我花了5元錢買這本書。
I spent five yuan on the book.
I spent five yuan(in)buying the book.
I paid five yuan for the book.
I bought the book for five yuan.
The book cost me five yuan.
例文賞析
下面是一些常用的精美句子,請注意它們在表達方面的特點。
1. You go down the street,turn to the right,and then you' ll see the post office on your right.
析:幾個動詞的並列。
你順著這條街,向右拐,右邊就是郵局。
2. We arrived at the gate of the school,where we were warmly welcomed.
析:關系副詞where引導的定語從句。
我們來到了校門口,受到了熱烈歡迎。
3. Although we were a little tired,we were excited.
析:although引導的讓步狀語從句。
盡管我們有點累,我們仍然很高興。
4. The old lady was crossing the streets when a young man riding a bicycle rushed up and knocked her down.
析:when表「此刻、那時」。
老婦人正穿過馬路,這時突然一個年輕人騎著自行車沖過來,把她撞倒了。
5. She is a friend to her students as well as a teacher.
析:as well as表「不但……而且……」。
她不但是學生的老師,而且是他們的朋友。
6. The library is quiet and there are a lot of books for us to refer to,which is helpful to our study.
析:which引導的非限制性定語從句。
圖書館里很安靜,有很多書供我們參考,這些書對我們的學習很有幫助。
7. The living conditions have been improved greatly and the town is no longer what it used to be.
析:現在完成時的被動語態。
生活條件大大提高,城鎮不再是原來的樣子。
8. Every time I think of what happened to me a year ago,I feel I was to blame.
析:every time引導的時間狀語從句。
每次我想到一年前發生的事,我就感到我應受到責備。
9. They were not only strict in our studies but also strict with us.
析:not only…but also…表「不但……而且……」。
他們不但對我們的學習嚴格要求,而且對我們也很嚴格。
10. Great changes have taken place in Qing in the recent years.
析:現在完成時的被動語態。
在最近的幾年中,青島發生了巨大的變化。
11. Only when we know well both scientific knowledge and practical skills can we live happily and work wonderfully in the society in the coming future.
析:only引導的倒裝結構。
只有我們掌握了更多的科學知識和實際技能,我們才能在未來的社會中生活幸福,工作順利。
12. The more I earned,the more difficulties I met with.
析:the more…the more…表「越多……越……」。
我學的越多,遇到的困難也越多。
13. But the burden of work in class is so heavy that we have little time to do sports,which has left many of us in poor health.
析:so…that引導的結果狀語從句。
但是,課業負擔太重以至於我們幾乎沒有時間進行體育鍛煉,這使我們中很多人身體狀況不佳。
14. The day we were looking forward to came at last—a week's military training began.
析:定語從句的用法。
一周的軍訓最終到來了,我們一直盼望著這一天。
15. One day on my way home from school,I saw an old woman standing by the roadside,with a heavy bag on her back.
析:with復合結構的用法。
一天,我在放學回家的路上,看見一位老太太站在路邊,背上掛著一個沉重的包裹。
16. On the blackboard were large Chinese characters and English,saying "Welcome to our school!」
析:倒裝結構。
在黑板上,用很大的漢語和英語寫著:「歡迎來我們的學校!」
17. With great curiosity and excitement,we students of Senior 2 began our learning-from-peasant activities in Jiangjia Village,Bin Cheng Township,not far from Beijing.
析:with復合結構的用法。
帶著興奮與好奇,我們高二學生去了離北京不遠的濱城鎮姜家村開展向農民學習的活動。
18. She is such an excellent teacher that we got so much from her,not only the knowledge but also kindness,diligence and appreciation for beauty.
析:so…that及not only…but also…的用法。
她是一位優秀的教師,我們從她身上不僅學到了知識還學到了善良、勤奮和對美的鑒賞力。 19. Our English teacher Mrs. Zhang is an ordinary-looking,grey haired woman wearing a pair of glasses.
析:wearing現在分詞作定語。
我們的英語老師張老師相貌平常,灰白頭發,戴著一副眼鏡。
20. I am living with my parents at No. 68 Jingqi Road and I am a student of Senior 2 at Jinan No. 1 middle school.
析:家庭住址的表示方法。
我同我的父母住在經七路68號,是濟南市一中高二年級的學生。
21. Dong Hai is a newly-built city with a population of about three million,which covers an area of about 20 000 square kilometers facing the Yellow Sea in the east.
析:which引導的非限制性定語從句。
東海市是一座新建城市,有人口近300萬,面積2萬余平方公里,東部面向黃海。
22. After he graated from Beijing Engineering College in 1986,he was sent to Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the USA to study chemistry.
析:after引導的時間狀語從句。
他1986年畢業於北京工學院,後來到美國麻省理工學院深造,攻讀化學。
23. The team members are required to get ready and others are required to watch and cheer for them. All the football lovers are welcome to watch and coach.
析:welcome的用法。
足球隊員作好准備,其他同學前往助戰,歡迎足球愛好者參觀指導。
24. Those who would like to go are requested to put down their names on this sheet of paper and give eight yuan for the bus fare.
析:who引導的限制性定語從句。
參加者需要登記,並交車費8元。
25. If you continue along Huangpu Road,you'll find on your right the highest building in Binhai,the Friendship Hotel,which has 12 floors.
析:if 引導的條件狀語從句。
如果你繼續沿著黃埔路向前,你會發現右邊是濱海市最高的12層建築——友誼大廈。
26. Pollution if becoming more and more serious all over the world.
析:注意比較級的用法。
全世界污染越來越嚴重。
27. As everyone knows,smoking is harmful to our health.
析:as引導的定語從句。
每個人都知道,吸煙有害健康。
28. It is well-known that a teacher,as an engineer of human soul,plays a very important role in society.
析:注意it作形式主語的用法。
眾所周知,教師作為人類靈魂的工程師,在社會中起著非常重要的作用。
29. Young as he is,he has been honoured as an advanced worker many times,for having got great achievements in his teaching.
析:as引導的讓步狀語從句。
雖然他年輕,但由於他工作成績卓著,多次被評為先進工作者。
30. On hearing that I failed in the contest,I could hardly hold back my tears.
析:on與帶有動詞性意義的名詞或動名詞連用,表「一……就……」。
一聽到在競賽中失敗了,我就禁不住流下了眼淚。
組段