coherence英語寫作

⑴ 美國大學英語寫作第九版答案

英文版答案

Last year's winter vacation. I and my father, mother, grandparents, brother went to huangshan by bus. In the morning we came down the mountain. I saw wooded mountains, wild flowers bloom. We climb up the hill along the mountain path. Come halfway up the mountain, I feel a little tired，my shoes broke. Dad said to me,「， don』t do anything halfway.」 So I insisted reached the top, the top of the scenery so beautiful.Since then, I've kept these shoes。i was very happy

美國大學AmericanUniversity創校於公元1893年，簡稱AU，為一所擁有百年歷史的私立四年制全球性大學，美國大學American University師資陣容堅強，教學嚴謹。主要有7個學院，華盛頓法律學院，文理學院，商學院，傳播管理學院，國際服務學院，公共事務學院 ，教育學院。

⑵ 如何有效地提高英語寫作的邏輯思維

我們先來看看文章的評判標准。一般情況下，我們可以通過這幾個標准來衡量一篇文章的優劣：詞彙的豐富與准確性，語法的准確性，文章的連貫與流暢度，觀點是否清晰扣題，論證是否嚴謹有力。對大部分人來說，詞彙和語法並不是最大的問題，多閱讀多練習，假以時日，總可以慢慢掌握。實際上，在英文寫作中最讓人頭疼的往往是後面幾項：觀點的提出以及論證，文字的銜接和耦合。
文章要做到連貫流暢，觀點清晰，論證有力，僅僅靠背單詞和學語法是不夠的，因為它還涉及到一個更深層次的問題：邏輯思維能力。寫作活動是一種嚴密而有序的邏輯思維過程。很多作文中出現的表達混亂，層次不清等問題，往往是寫作時邏輯思維混亂導致的。還沒想清楚就下筆，寫出來的東西自然不會清晰到哪裡去。
那我們應該要怎樣做，才能提高邏輯思維能力，寫出清晰嚴謹的文章呢？ 可以從以下幾點入手：
1.注意句子以及段落的邏輯關系
之前一直有這樣的說法「英語是一門邏輯性很強的語言」，為什麼這么說呢？因為仔細觀察你會發現，英語在遣詞造句上是遵循嚴密的的邏輯形式的：用詞上要求人稱、數、格的一致；句子有嚴謹的主謂結構，多用關聯詞語，重視形式的對應和顯性銜接。而在語篇中多突出主題句，直線式地展開段落。
對於寫作來說，一篇好的文章要遵循句子和句子之間，段落和段落之間的銜
接和連貫。一篇好文章並不是句子的機械堆砌，而是一個有機整體，句子和句子之間是存在嚴謹的邏輯關系的。舉個例子，下面是一篇常見的說明文段落：
AIDS seems to follow a pattern of recognizable being exposed to the virus, the AIDS patients tends to complain of a fever, sore throat, sore muscles,and seems to be a dormant period ,which can last for three years or after this period, more serious symptoms begin to emerge.
仔細閱讀之後會發現，文章中的句子之間在邏輯上環環相扣，每一個都不可或缺。如果句子之間的銜接沒做好，寫出來的文章可能會是這樣的：
Every summer, I go to traveling with my family or my best friends. When the new term comes, I will surprisingly find my oral English is much improved. So I firmly believe book is not only the source of knowledge.
上面的句子雖然沒有語法問題，但讀起來感覺卻很奇怪，為什麼？因為句子與句子之間並沒有一個很好的邏輯關系："go to traveling with my family" 與後面的"my oral English is much improved" 並沒有必然聯系，邏輯上講不通。
除了句子的銜接外，段落與段落之間的銜接也非常重要。這一點在經濟學人等外刊文章上體現得很好，比如這篇文章The weaker sex , 段落的結構非常清晰，開頭都有主題句來引領全段，而且段落與段落之間是層層遞進的關系。 What can be done? Part of the solution lies in a change in cultural attitudes.
Policymakers also need to lend a hand, because foolish laws are making the problem worse.
Even more important than scrapping foolish policies is retooling the ecational system, which was designed in an age when most men worked with their muscles.
More generally, schools need to become more boy-friendly.
從上面可以看到，要寫出邏輯清晰的文章，我們要特別注意句子以及段落的銜接和連貫。這就要求我們要用好連接詞以及語義承接。
在寫作中常見的連接詞有"because, as, while, if, however, therefore, although, similarly, consequently, nevertheless "等，它們屬於「明連接」。 語義承接則是通過上下文之間的承接關系來自然行文，比如通過指示代詞、人稱代詞等對前一句中出現過的內容進行指代，或者對前一句話中出現的關鍵詞進行轉述，解釋，從而形成自然的承接關系。語義承接屬於「暗承接」。
下面這篇雅思 9 分作文片段就很好地體現了連接詞以及語義承接的效果（仔細體會加黑以及帶下劃線的單詞，感受一下連接詞的效果）。
I tend to agree that young children can be negatively affected by too much time spent on the computer partly because sitting in front of a screen for too long can be damaging to both the eyes and the physical posture The main concern is about the type of computer activities that attract
often electronic games that tend to be very intense and rather usually the "hero" too much exposure can encourage children to be self-centred and insensitive to others. 上面的作文片段中，"This" 用來指代"I tend to agree..." 一整句的內容，連接詞"because"用來連接從句說明原因，"regardless of" 後面連接名詞性從句做進一步說明。"These"用來指代上一句中出現的 "computer activities"，用定冠詞"the"修飾的"player" 和 "game" 則與上一句呼應，指代游戲中的玩家和游戲。
由此可以看出，通過用好連接詞以及語義承接的方式，我們可以將句子甚至段落有機聯系起來，使之符合邏輯。
事實上，銜接和連貫性(Coherence and Cohesion)一直是雅思寫作中的一個重要評分標准，雅思官方也給出了一個指導視頻：
IELTS Writing 雅思寫作連貫性

⑶ 英語作文中的Coherence和Parallelism

Parallelism是平行，在一個句子中有列舉不同的東西，這兩個或以上的東西可能是形容詞，版動名詞，動詞，名詞等，權但是 每個 列舉的物品都要性質一致。
譬如: I love to swim（動）, run（動）, and play（動） basketball.
錯局: I can cook（動）, wash（動） dishes, and cleaning tables（動名詞）.
平行句型通常表示例舉的項都有相同重要性。

Coherence是連貫性，就是表達的意思要有聯系，不能一下說這個，等會就說另外一個。譬如: I love playing basketball and my sister doesn't study very hard. 這句就沒有連貫性，第一句寫出我的愛好，跟著的句子如果沒有轉折提示詞的話（although, but, however, on the other hand等），讀者會期待讀有關於你愛好的句子。

⑷ 英語寫作在英語學習中的重要性

別急 會把英語寫作能力提高的
談談如何提高英語寫作能力

關鍵詞：英語寫作能力 原則 方法
引言：英語寫作能力是英語聽、說、讀、寫四種基本能力之一，英語寫作能有效地促進語言知識的內化。Swain（1985）提出「可理解輸出」假設，認為包括寫在內的語言產生性運用有助於學習者檢驗目的語句法結構和詞語的使用，促進語言運用的自動化，有效地達到了語言習得的目的。通過寫作，英語知識不斷得到鞏固並內在化，有利於英語技能的全面發展。但是，英語寫作又是廣大英語學習者最感頭痛的問題之一，且容易被教師忽視，筆者以為如何提高英語寫作能力值得我們認真研究。本文就此談談初淺的看法。
一、提高英語寫作能力的原則
（一）漸進性原則。要堅持「句—段—篇」的訓練程序，由易到難，循序漸進。在英語寫作的初始階段，要始終注意培養學生良好的寫作習慣，狠抓基本功訓練。在學生掌握了基本句型並能寫出簡單句子後，再要求學生根據一些體例寫出小段的文章。在段落寫作中要引導學生分析段落的結構、段落的中心句、句與句之間的邏輯關系、寫作手法等，這樣有利於下一步一篇文章的寫作。在文章寫作中要教會學生如何構思文章、如何運用正確的寫作技巧等。
（二）多樣性原則。要堅持訓練形式的多樣化及寫作文體的多樣性。從形式上而言，可以用回答提問的口頭作文，也可以用續寫故事；可以改寫課文，也可以仿寫課文；可以寫提綱訓練謀篇布局，也可以寫拓展段訓練發散思維……。從文體上而言，可以寫說明文、議論文、記敘文，也可以寫書信、便條、通知等實用文體。
(三)結合性原則。要堅持聽說讀訓練和寫訓練相結合。根據語言習得理論，學習者在學習時常先通過聽和讀吸取語言知識，從而了解別人的思想，再通過說和寫來表達自己的思想，讓別人了解自己。大量的聽說訓練能促進讀寫能力的提高。因此，寫與聽說讀緊密結合，進行多元化的能力訓練，可使學生的各項能力互相影響、互相滲透、互相促進。
（四）控制性原則。要堅持寫作前的指導，控制學生的漢語語言思維，發展英語語言思維。語言學習在很大程度上主要是模仿，而非隨心所欲地自由表達。教師要加強寫作前的指導，可給出範文讓學生模仿，以熟悉其語篇結構。同時要控制其漢語語言思維，盡可能讓學生習慣英語語言思維，以便於學生學習和掌握地道、正確的英語。
（五）持久性原則。要堅持長期、正確的寫作訓練。英語寫作能力的提高並非一朝一夕之事，而是一個長期的、艱巨的、漸進的過程。這就要求教師、學生都要有充分的思想准備，要有堅韌不拔的意志和必勝的信心。
二、提高英語寫作能力的方法。
（一）通過積累詞彙量，提高英語寫作能力。猶如土木磚石是建築的材料一樣，詞彙是說話寫作的必需材料，也是制約寫作能力提高的瓶頸。可以想像，如果要寫一個句子，10個單詞有8個單詞拼寫錯誤或拼寫不出，有2
個單詞用法不當，又怎麼能清楚地表達自己的思想呢？因此，在平時的教學中要強調學生記憶單詞，記住單詞的拼讀、用法、意思等。記憶單詞的方法有很多，各人有各人的記憶方法和習慣，可因人而異。教師可通過要求學生朗讀單詞、聽寫單詞、默寫單詞、遣詞造句、詞彙競賽等多種方法促進學生記單詞。記憶單詞是一個長期的反復的過程，要長期地堅持下去，才能不斷積累大量的詞彙，為英語寫作打下堅實的基礎。
（二）通過擴大閱讀量，提高英語寫作能力。古人雲「熟讀唐詩三百首，不會作詩也會吟」，這是漢語的一種學習方法，同樣可借鑒於英語寫作。多閱讀是學生增加接觸英語語言材料、接受信息、活躍思維、增長智力的一種途徑，同時也是培養學生英語思維能力、提高理解力、增強語感、鞏固和擴大詞彙量的一種好方法，有利於促進英語寫作能力的提高。在閱讀訓練中，教師要注意以下問題：一是指導閱讀方法，分析文章結構、中心思想、段落中心句、寫作方法等，幫助學生掌握各類文章的結構及寫作方法。二要精讀與泛讀相結合，通過推敲優秀的文章來學會寫作方法和選詞用詞；通過大量的泛讀來吸取信息量，擴大詞彙量。三要擴大閱讀量。提供閱讀的材料涉及面要廣，才能不斷擴大學生的知識面，使學生適應各種題材的寫作。
（三）通過提高聽說能力，提高英語寫作能力。英語聽說讀寫四種能力是相互影響、相互促進的，提高聽說能力必定會促進寫作能力的提高。要提高聽說能力關鍵在於創設一個良好的英語環境。教師要盡可能地用英語授課，多開展專門的聽說訓練，同時開展豐富多彩的課外英語活動，讓學生沉浸在英語海洋中去領略、去體會、去使用英語，久而久之，學生自然能使用正確的、地道的英語進行交談與寫作。
（四）通過重視寫作過程，提高英語寫作能力。長期以來，英語寫作成果教學法（THE PRODUCT
APPROACH）在我國居於主導地位，教師根據寫作的終成品來判斷寫作的成敗，重視寫作的技術性細節（如格式、拼寫、語法等），忽視寫作過程的指導。根據D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的連通論（Connectionism)理論，寫作包括寫前階段、具體寫作、文章修改三個基本過程，這三個過程並非是線性排列，而是循環往復，穿插進行的。教師只有重視加強對寫作三個過程的指導，才能更好地提高英語寫作能力。在寫作前階段，教師重在指導學生如何挖掘題材，訓練發散性思維，以及如何選擇材料、謀篇布局等。在具體寫作中，教師重在指導學生如何緊扣主題、運用正確的寫作方法等。在文章修改中，教師重在指導學生如何修改語法及用詞的錯誤。
（五）通過多寫英語摘要，提高英語寫作能力。英語摘要是把一篇文章的要點摘錄出來，用自己的語言使之獨立成一篇短文，這不是簡單的摘錄，而是忠於原文意思的再創作。寫英語摘要有利於學生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章結構，從而提高學生的邏輯思維能力和謀篇布局能力。
（六）通過發展英語語言思維能力，提高英語寫作能力。英語寫作是運用已掌握的內在化語言知識和表達方法，通過思維進行外在化輸出的創作，因此英語語言思維能力在英語寫作中作用非凡。對於我國學生而言，在英語寫作中易受漢語語言思維的影響，難以直接用英語語言進行思維，不利於英語寫作能力的提高，因此發展其英語語言思維能力尤為重要。教師要注意對學生的英語語言思維進行多方位、多角度的訓練：要採取各種方法訓練學生英語語言思維的廣闊性、深刻性、發散性和創造性；要教會學生用英語思考問題、回答問題；要從訓練形象思維開始，逐步過渡到抽象思維訓練；在課文講解中要盡可能不用漢語翻譯而用英語解釋，消除漢語思維的影響；要努力創設良好的英語環境，在英語交際中發展英語思維能力。

寫好英語段落的三個標准

首先，一個段落必須有一個中心即主題思想，該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來表達。整個段落必須緊扣這個主題（stick or hold to the topic），這就是段落的統一性（unity）。其次，一個段落必須有若干推展句，使主題思想得到充分展開，從而給讀者一個完整的感覺，這就是完整性（completeness or adequateness）。再者，一個段落不是雜亂無章的，而是有機的組合，句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯，從一個句子到另一個句子的過渡必須流暢（smooth），這就是連貫性（coherence）。下面我們就對這三個標准分別加以說明。
1、統一性
一個段落內的各個句子必須從屬於一個中心，任何游離於中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請看下例：
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise， we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much， and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主題句是段首句，controlling idea（中心思想）是take the long trip across the country.文中出現兩個irrelevant sentences，一個是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，這一段是講的是Joe and I ，中間出現一個Bella是不合適的。還有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關。考生在四級統考的作文卷上常常因為造出irrelevant sentences（不相關語句）而丟分，值得引起注意。再看一個例子：
My name is Roseanna， and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds， but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles， swimming fifteen laps， lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有兩個irrelevant sentences，一個是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一個是My mother was a premature baby.
從上面兩個例子可以看出，native speakers同樣會造出來irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果這種句子多了，造成偏題或離題，那問題就更嚴重了。
2、完整性
正象我們前面說得那樣，一個段落的主題思想靠推展句來實現，如果只有主題句而沒有推展句來進一步交待和充實，就不能構成一個完整的段落。同樣，雖然有推展句，但主題思想沒有得到相對圓滿的交待，給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如：
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides， it is more useful to work —— you proce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問題。什麼是「a mind in turmoil」（心境不平靜）Physical work又如何能改變這種情況？為什麼它能起therapy的作用？讀者得不到明確的答案。由於四級統考的作文部分只要求寫一篇100～120個詞的三段式短文，每一段只有大約40個詞左右，因此，要達到完整就必須盡可能地簡明。例如：
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means， but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表達的主題思想是一種看法，必須有具體事例加以驗證。上述兩個推展句只是在文字上對主題作些解釋，整個段落內容空洞，簡而不明。如果用一兩個具體的例子的話，就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段：
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes， pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water， will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning， or start screaming 「Help」？
3、連貫性（coherence）
連貫性包括意連和形連兩個方面，前者指的是內在的邏輯性，後者指的是使用轉換詞語。當然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒有意連，句子之間就沒有內在的有機的聯系；反之，只有意連而沒有形連，有時行文就不夠流暢。
1）、意連
段落中句子的排列應遵循一定的次序，不能想到什麼就寫什麼。如果在下筆之前沒有構思，邊寫邊想，寫寫停停，那就寫不出一氣呵成的好文章來。下面介紹幾種常見的排列方式。
A.按時間先後排列（chronological arrangement）
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose， it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast； we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then， when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in； the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain， it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here， judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit， not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough， by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff， dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine， when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit， we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段從「rose」（起床）寫起，然後是吃早餐（「not to miss breakfast」， 「closing at nine o'clock」），然後是「close to noon」，一直寫到這一天結束（「By nine——」）。
B. 按位置遠近排列（spatial arrangement）。例如：
From a distance， it looked like a skinny tube， but as we got closer， we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular， all right， but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore， we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts： a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away， we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass， unlike the tube that it was sitting on， which only had four. Inside， the tube was gloomy， because of the lack of light. Then a steep， narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的寫法是由遠及近，從遠處（「from a distance」）寫起，然後「get closer」，再到（「ten feet away」），最後是「inside the pagoda」……當然，按位置遠近來寫不等於都是由遠及近。根據需要，也可以由近及遠，由表及裡等等。
C. 按邏輯關系排列（logical arrangement）
a. 按重要性順序排列（arrangement in order of importance）
If you work as a soda jerker， you will， of course， not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine， your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom， your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work， the larger the organization of which you are an employee， the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization， whether it is the government， the large corporation， or the Army， this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
這一段談的是表達能力，它的重要性與職業，身份有關，從「not need much skill」或「of little importance」到「more important」，最後是「most important」。
b.由一般到特殊排列（general-to-specific arrangement）
If a reader is lost， it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader， hacking his way through the verbiage， simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses， or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence， so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer， in whose head the connection is clear， has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that 「sanguine」 and 「sanguinary」 mean the same thing， but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
這一段談的是a writer's carelessness，先給出一個general statement作為主題句，然後通過5個 」perhaps」加以例證。
c. 由特殊到一般排列（specific-to-general arrangement）
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat， Prissy， with the one I had several years ago， Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy， a quiet， feminine feline， loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people， exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg， lick， or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright， eyes closed， perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry， on the other hand， loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything， whether it was decorous or not， and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable， on the top of the television， across stranger's feet or laps， in beds， drawers， sacks， closets， or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主題句是段首句，它僅提出一個問題：為什麼兩只貓會被搞混。然後對兩者進行比較，末句才下結論。
2）、形連
行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當的轉換詞語及其他手段來實現。請讀下面這一段文字並找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語：
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First， though， he had to get through high school， so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular， biology， chemistry， and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects， Walter became proficient in them； however， Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result， ring his junior year of high school， Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently， he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graate on schele. Finally， on June 6， Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上啟下的詞語有兩種，一種是轉換詞語（transitional words or phrases），另一種是起轉換作用的其他連接手段（linking devices）。前者依次有：first， though， so， in particular， and， because， however， besides， as a result， both…and， consequently， and， finally.後者依次是：he， he， his， his， he， these， them， he， those， his， he， these， his. 本段中共有詞彙105個，所使用的轉換詞語及其他連接用語共26個詞，約占該段總詞彙量的四分之一。由此可見，掌握好transitions不僅對行文的流（smoothness）有益，而且對於學生在半個小時內寫足四級短文所要求的120個詞也是不無好處的。
一個段落里如果沒有transitions也就很難有coherence了。我們看下面一個例子：Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture， loudness， and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture， loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句開頭出現一個起過渡作用的」it」之外，沒有使用其他的過渡詞語。這樣，文中出現許多重復的詞語，全段讀起來也顯得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的過渡詞語來修飾的話，這一段就成了下面一個流暢連貫的段落：
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds； writing， on the other hand， uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago， but written language is a recent development， invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal， while the word choice of writing， by contrast， is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from， they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture， loudness， and the rise and fall of the voice， but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有損連貫性的幾種情況：
考生在寫作中經常出現下面幾種錯誤：
1、不必要的改變時態，比如：
In the movie， Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him， so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house， he had waited for the heat to die down， but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改變單復數，比如：
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run， the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改變人稱，比如：
Now more than ever， parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此寫作中，一定要注意時態，人稱以及數的變化是否正確，要注意保持一致。

⑸ 英語作文

在家裡，我又與那兩種討厭的動物天天見面了。
At home, I again with the two hate animal meet every day.
從小到大，我對蝙蝠和蜘蛛都沒有好感。我想大家也基本上都是這樣吧，誰會對那兩個黑鬼感興趣呀！
From small to large, I have no opinion of bats and spiders. I think we are basically all is this, who will be interested in the two niggers!
每天傍晚，天空成了昆蟲的世界，同時也是蝙蝠的天地。雖說蝙蝠捕捉蛾子等昆蟲，按理說還是有益於人民的，可是它們的生活習慣讓人不齒一提，也讓人們對它們產生了厭惡感。
Every evening, the sky became the world of insects, but also the world of bats. Although bats catching moths and other insects, arguably, is beneficial to the people, but their life habit let people despise a mention, also let people have tired of them.
我見慣了蝙蝠，甚至捉住過，記得有一次還把它們打死了。現在對於天天見面的它們已經見怪不怪了。可是那晚，行走在路上時的我，很隨意的往天空看了一下。滿天飛的蝙蝠還是吸引了我的眼球。
I used to see a bat, even caught, I remember once had them killed. Now to meet every day they have become inured to the unusual. But the night, walking on the road when I, very casual look the sky. Exist everywhere bat or caught my eye.
它們在天空打著圈。每個蝙蝠離地面的高度是不會輕易變的。離地面近的地方，蝙蝠很多，遠的地方，就越來越少。在高處的蝙蝠，它們也打著圈捕捉昆蟲，可是為什麼它們要飛的那麼高呢？在低處捕捉昆蟲不是容易些嗎。離地面近的地方昆蟲顯然多些。
They were in the sky of a circle. The height of each bat from the ground is not easily change. Away from the place, the ground near bat many, far, less and less. In the height of the bat, they are also under the ring to catch insects, but why they want to fly so high? In the low to catch insects do not easy. From the place near the ground is more insects.
我望著高處的蝙蝠，它們一個比一個飛的高，最後我只能看到星星點點的黑點在飛著。我駐足想著，或許是他們不甘於低處昆蟲的口味，飛到高處追逐自己更想要的味道。
I looked at the height of the bat, they than a fly high, I can only see the tiny spots of black spots on the fly. I stopped to think, perhaps they are unwilling to lower insects fly up high taste, chasing his own more want to taste.
說到蜘蛛，小時是見到了都會想辦法把它打死了。時常會看到一些蜂子盯著在蜘蛛網正中的蜘蛛飛一會。我和小夥伴們都期盼著蜂子吃掉蜘蛛（比起蜂子我們更恨得是蜘蛛），可是往往讓我們大失所望。
Speaking of the spider, an hour is met will try to kill it. Often see some bees stared in the spider web centric spider fly. My companions and I look forward to bees eat spiders (than bees we hate spiders), but often let us greatly disappoint one's hopes.
也是一個傍晚，我坐在門口涼著風，看到不遠處有一隻蜘蛛正開始在織網。我從來還沒看過蜘蛛是怎樣織網的，於是就很好奇的湊上前去看看。
But one evening, I sat at the door of cool wind, see not far away there is a spider in the web is beginning. I've never seen spiders is how the web, so it is curious went up to have a look.
我看到蜘蛛把外圈的網織好了，每個地方它都是一點一點地爬過去的，雖然走了不少彎路，但對於不會飛、不會跳的它也只能這樣一點點爬了。以前我看到過，在跨度很大的地方都能有蜘蛛絲搭在其兩端，那時的我始終不明白蜘蛛是怎樣把絲從一端搭到另一端的。直到現在，我看見了，蜘蛛沒有走捷徑，它是一點點爬過去的。
I saw a spider to outer net good, every place it is one point one points to climb in the past, although quite a few detours, but can't fly, won't it can do a little bit of climbing. I have seen before, can have a spider silk on its ends in the great span of place, I still do not understand the spider is how to put the wire from one end to the other end of A. Until now, I saw a spider, no shortcuts, it is a little bit climb past.
攀好了一個封閉的圈後，蜘蛛再把徑向的絲接好，最後是從中點開始向外圍一圈圈繞圓，圓與圓間的距離是逐漸變大的，每兩個圓間的距離都是由蜘蛛的某兩個腳控制的，距離很均勻，基本是一樣的。
Climb up a closed loop, the spider to radial wire connected, finally from the point to the periphery around the circle, circle and the circle is the distance between the bigger, each of the two round distance is a two foot control spiders, distance uniform, is basically the same.
看著蜘蛛無聲的工作著，我被它的精神感染了。
Looking at the spider silent work, I was the spirit of the infection.
蝙蝠和蜘蛛都是我所討厭的，然而它們身上的氣質、精神卻震撼了我。
Bats and spiders are what I hate, but they are on the spirit temperament, I was shocked by the.
蝙蝠追求適合自己的食物，不畏天空的高遠，不懼高處的嚴寒，它們為了自己的「理想」奮不顧身。
The pursuit for their own food, despite the lofty sky, not afraid of high cold, they are for their own "ideal" to forget about one's own.
蜘蛛是一位默默無聞的工作者。不曾言語，不知疲倦，不辭辛勞，它們以堅韌的品格織起精巧而規則的網，它們還擁有敏感的神經，掌控著周邊的風吹網動。
The spider is an unknown to the public of the workers. Without words, tireless, hardworking, their tenacity weaving exquisite and regular network, they also have sensitive nerve, control the wind moving around the network.
武漢十六中高三:楚勁草
Wuhan 16 three: Chu Supergrass

⑹ 一篇很簡單的英語作文

China is developing as a surprising spead,English is more and more useful for us,many sides will be use it.So it's necessary to learn to earn a more wonderful future.I have learned more than 5 years when i went to the junior school and it gives me so much happinese and different information.Now,there are some tips for the student.First,you must learn the basic english grammer well,and must recite the words everyday.then you should repeat your class from memory too.Finally,do the "tips collecting".I believe your english skill will prove quikly.If you recognite the spoken english,you have to speak and listen more tapes and make some friends who loves english too or some foreigners.They will be so usefull your study!

⑺ 英語作文

Dear Linda,

I am very pleased to write to you . so am i desired to fish for some konwledge about english learning from you. As is konwn to all ,with the integration of the world, mastering English which is the common language all over the world becomes more and more significant.So we shoule lay more emphasis on it,only thus can we gain a more brighter future. But with the study of english ,problems has also emerged.

A few days ago,a disscussion over the actuality of English learning was conctded among some of my classmates .During the disscussion , some problems croped up .Frist,quite a lot of students find it so difficult to learn english well that they feel like giving it up right now. Secondly,a great many of us are hard to manage english listening ,which is my trouble as well. What's more ,how to remember english words sill puzzles a fair proportion of us,which is also quit hard to overcomed. Last but not least,some students don't know how to deal with new words in reading.

The problems listed above has puzzled us for a long time .How i wish you could supervise me .Your help will be our biggest pleasure.
Yours,
Li Hua

⑻ 求助，英語作文寫作指導建議

想提高寫作從以下這4部分入手即可：
1. to the point
2. vocabulary
3. grammar
4. cohesion and coherence
I. to the point（切題）
不管什麼考試都有作文，我們要做的第一點就是不能跑題，一旦跑題，作文分數直接不及格。那為什麼還有很多人跑題呢？在英語考試中，大多數情況是因為單詞不認識，因為不認識單詞，所以導致題目沒看懂。
II. Vocabulary（詞彙）
從詞彙上提高有2個方向。一個是積累高分同義詞，另一個是積累替換短語。
III. Grammar (語法)
如何從語法上提升寫作水平呢？主要遵循以下2個原則：
1）多變句式。一篇好的作文並不是長難句扎堆的，而是長短句結合。比如topic sentence（主旨句），我們最好簡單句寫，簡短有力，直接表明觀點。
英語中簡單句有5種,分別是：
主謂
主謂賓
主系表
主謂雙賓
主謂賓補
我們在寫作中最好能夠同時用上這5種簡單句型，這樣文章句式變化多樣，會很有節奏感。
1簡單句適合寫主旨句，而從句適合展開論證。我們在解釋觀點時要多寫從句，英語中從句有6大類：主語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、表語從句、定語從句和轉語從句。在這里我也不展開講了，主要給你分享方法。
2，多用高分句型。高分作文和高分句型是標配，比如非限定性定語從句、非謂語句型、倒裝句、強調句和獨立主格等。
IV. cohesion 和coherence（邏輯和連貫）
一篇文章是由句子構成的，句子和句子之間不能孤立存在，而是有邏輯並連貫的。初學者寫作文在這一點上往往做得比較差，你會發現他們的句子和句子之間沒有邏輯，東一句西一句，想到哪寫到哪。這種作文即使詞彙和語法不錯，也很難拿高分。
英語作文中常用的邏輯關系有8種：因果、轉折、對比、讓步、假設、下定義、舉例、限定范圍。
最主要的還是作者自己多練、多寫、多記。

⑼ BEC英語寫作訓練

- http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_97c021040100z4h9.html
學習BEC英語寫作的一些感受，和你分享~BEC英語是一種特殊用途英語，它比一般的英語專業具有更強的專業性，它要求寫作者不僅要具備英語語言的基礎知識，還要熟悉BEC知識，能自如運用英語從事BEC活動。
1. 不斷通過寫作練習培養英語語法的應用能力，重視掌握有關詞彙的用法，以便能運切實用有關語法和詞彙去寫作。這是英語寫作的基礎。
2. 通過大量閱讀逐漸培養英語思維，並掌握一些寫好句子的技巧，以便在把句子寫正確的同時，不斷培養用地道的英語把句子寫好的能力。
3. 了解一些英語段落、篇章的組織和寫作知識。所寫段落與篇章均要力求連貫(coherence)和銜接(cohesion)。篇章的用詞和句式在文體上一般要保持一致(unity)
在我之前學的那個商務英語寫作班，它也有一個資料的免費獲取，報名還贈送語法講座視頻和電子英語雜志，挺好的啊~