中西文化差異對英語寫作的影響

『壹』 中西方文化的差異（英語作文）

There are some cultural differences between Chinese and western inorder to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding caused and trouble.
First, Chinese concept of privacy isrelatively weak. People count on their in-group to look after each other. Sothe Chinese are often very willing to understand other people's ups and downs, andthe others are willing to share. But to the westerners, violation of personalprivacy does not allow, For example, we tend to ask one's age, marital status,children, occupation, or income when first met each other, which is a polite inChinese, but in the West it will be considered as a violation of their privacy.
Second, westerners deeply believe that time ismoney, so they are much cherished time in life, and they often do a carefulplanning at a fixed time, they have a good habit of Keep the appointment on time.But Chinese people are not very focused on time. Westerners have often feltuncomfortable about it.
Third, Chinese people are willing to be modestmostly. When communication with others, we often praises others and belittle ourselves,we think that modesty is a virtue. For example, when we were praised, we often say"No, I am not. I just did what I should do.」 But in the same case the Westwill always say」 Think you」 to accept. So we always think that westerners aretoo-confident and pride, and when hear the Chinese people that deny otherstheir own praise, westerns would be very surprised and think that the Chinese peopleare dishonest.
Finally, the Chinese nation's fine traditionof hospitality is known. In social situations, Chinese people often toast eachother and offering each other cigarettes, even if filled with delicious food,the owner has always used to say a few words such as」 bear with me」. Sometimesthe owner will use chopsticks to take their food the guest's bowl, using a varietyof ways to persuade the guests more than a bite, drink more. But in Westerncountries, people have respect for indivial rights and personal privacy. So theywill not use various means to persuade guests to drink, you will not need todrunk so far.

您採納，我很開心。

『貳』 與《中西文化差異對英語學習的影響》論文相關的文獻。

3文獻綜述

隨著中西來文源化的互相融合參透，習語在人們的交流中發揮著越來越重要的作用。現在很多研究者都把英漢習語中的文化因素作為研究的對象，例如：ESL/EFL和考試周刊，他們從網路，期刊上收集資料，研究英漢習語中的文化差異及其的翻譯方法。我國著名的語言學專家王德春教授給熟語下的定義是「慣用的詞的固定組合，語義結合緊密，是語言中獨立運用的詞彙單位』』.

『叄』 中西文化差異 英語作文

寫作思路：從文章的寫作目的、中心主旨入手，以使文章中心思想鮮明、深刻地表現出來，正文：

Today,lots of people are affected by western culture especially the new generation who born after 1990s.

今天，許多人受到西方文化的影響，尤其是90後。

In my opinion,some of western culture is good but some of them are not suited.Learning western culture can let us know about what is the western custom and what differnets between chinese and western.

在我看來，有些西方文化是好的，但有些不適合。學習西方文化可以讓我們了解西方的習俗和中西文化的差異。

because of comparison we can learn the positive sides such as more confident,independent.On the other side,the negative sides we should not learn.for example,some high school student even younger fall in love with others.

因為比較，我們可以學到積極的一面，如更加自信、獨立。另一方面，消極的一面我們不應該學習。

They spend much time to do it and forget what more important things they really need to do in that moment.Indeed,every coins have two sides.how to do deal with it,I think let time make the answer.

例如，一些高中生甚至更年輕就愛上了別人。他們花了很多時間去做這件事，卻忘記了在那一刻他們真正需要做的更重要的事情。的確，每個硬幣都有兩面。如何處理它，我想讓時間來回答。

『肆』 急求一篇中西文化差異利弊 英語作文100詞

The culture differences between the East and West
As we know ,there are so many differences between culture of the East and West that I can not list all of their different aspects.I will focus on the

『伍』 中西方文化的差異對翻譯的影響

這個題目好大啊，可以寫一篇論文了。中西方文化的差異表現的形式就很多，所以在翻譯方面的表現就有很廣的影響，
首先，思維與語言的關系猶如母與子的關系。先有人類思維後有語言、圖畫、音樂等外在表現形式。Language serves as dress of thought．Thoughts are always expressed by words
Without thinking，language would be meaningless?
那麼，思維又是如何作用在語言形式上的呢?通過研究可知：思維---表現法---語言具體形式。
現在，我們就來簡單分析一下中國人與西方人由歷史淵源、地域特性及哲學與文化心理不同而導致的思維的根本差異。
中國自古以來就是傳統的農業大國，即所謂「靠天吃飯」。農業、土地與民生息息相關，所以就形成了「天人合一」這一中國文化的精髓。即把人與自然視為和諧統一的整體，人類文化與天命自然統一。The Taoist notion Of following nature is closed related，as in other naturalistic movements，to the idea of fate．這種中國文化的最高境界使中國人習慣於崇尚自然、行於自然；不違天命、順其自然的處世哲學和宿命論，即Let things remain as they are．而在人與天地萬物協調共存的世界中，則存在著循環往復、生生不息的發展變化。美國人說這是moving in endless circles and repeating it over and over again。中國的儒家與道家哲學就深深體現了這種觀點。如「道生一、一生二、二生三、三生萬物，萬物歸於道」等，這就是漢民族的循回式思維方式，比如在語言表現法中有回環式： 「人不犯我，我不犯人」，及遞進式表達： 「道高一尺，魔高一丈」。所以，中國人表達事物總是按時間和事理發展順序由因到果、由先到後、由大到小進行闡述，這種思維模式可稱為具體一般型表達(Particular-General Pattern)。習慣於問題解決型模式(Problem-solution Pattern)，它們不僅在語言上如此，在文化藝術、經濟活動中也都佔有統治地位。也就是說中國人擅長具象思維。
西方人恰恰相反，他們一向將人與自然分隔開來，認為思維是獨立於自然之外的客觀事物，講究「人物分立」，人能夠通過斗爭征服自然、改造自然。從美國前總統里根(Ronald
Reagan)說過的一句話之中我們就可見一斑：
I do not believe in fate that falls on us no matter what we do，but，1 do believe in fate that will fall on us if we do nothing．(我不相信，無論我們做什麼，我們的命運都一樣；但是我相
信，如果我們什麼都不做，我們的命運是一樣的。)
也就是說，He wants us to believe in the struggle，not in the fate．諸多此類象美國人熱衷於job-hopping(跳槽)，美國人的夢想便是being a self-made man from rags to riches。再比
如，從東方人與西方人做事的動因也可以發現：
The Chinese is always described as a person who does things because they have been done before．And the Americans a person who does things because they haven』t been done before．(中國人做一件事是因為這件事以前有人做過；美國人做一件事是因為這件事以前從未有人做過。)Americans love to try something new mostly because of a belief that newer maybe better．(美國人喜歡嘗試新事物，很大程度上因為他們認為更
新的可能是更好的。)
通過研究可知，英語自莎士比亞時代以來有很大發展。英語被譽為理性語言，這與歐美哲學較早與改造、征服自然的科學技術相結合，特別是培根和洛克等一代啟蒙哲學家恪守的客觀形式化方法(即邏輯論證)很有關系。British people love science and technology because these fields of study bring the excitement of new discovery． (英國人熱愛科學技術因為它能帶來新發現，是改造自然、征服自然的最有力武器。) The love of change is closely tied to faith in improvement．培根思維精深周密；洛克的哲理明豁通達，對英語影響極深。「哲學思辯」(Speculative Philosophy)使他們將英語化為對人類經驗(物理變化經驗、感覺經驗、價值經驗)理性構建的精闢描述。從語言學角度來說，培根和洛克等一代理性主義哲學家實質上為英語作了科學規范，以至被稱為： 「King』s English'』。綜上所述，我們不難理解：西方人的思維模式是一般具體型思維，擅長抽象思維，總是先概括後分解、先表態後敘述、先總結後事例、先整體後細節，由果到因、由小到大等。眾所周知，地名的敘述便為一例。
由於中西思維模式的迥異，說話的語序就存在很大區別，所以中國式英語頻繁出現。舉例說明：
我原先打算七月一日去香港旅遊，後來不得不取消，這使我很掃興。
中國學生就常按中文語序脫口而出，使語義重心落在後面。實際上，按英語思維習慣應先概括，將語義重心放在前面，然後分解開來，所以應翻譯成It was keen disappointment
that I had to cancel the visit l had intended to pay to Hong Kong On July 1St．
再看下面典型的例句：「在全球經濟事務中，中國應繼續保持一個積極而充滿活力的力量，我堅信這是符合我國利益的。」
讓我們看英語的語序：I strongly believe that it』s in the interests Of my countrymen that China should remain an active and energetic power in global economic matters．
由此可見，漢語是按時間順序和邏輯發展關系由先到後、由因到果、由假設到推論、由事實到論證，而英語則相反。

簡單句中英漢語序的對比：
中文：主語+時間狀語+地點狀語+方式狀語+謂語+賓語
我每天早上在室外高聲朗讀英語
英文：主語+謂語+賓語+方式狀語+地點狀語+時間狀語
I read English loudly in the open 一、引言
詞是語句的基本單位，通常所說的話都是由一個個詞構成（陸國強，1983年）。在某些人看來，學語言，如英語，就是把一個個的詞、片語、短句學好，掌握其讀音、拼寫及意思，同時掌握一些基本語法，知道如何把一個個的詞、片語及短語連接起來。掌握了這些，英語就學得差不多了。其實不然，如果我們只是把單詞按字面意義串起來，而絲毫不懂有關文化背景知識，在實際運用中是行不通的。例如：
（1）英語中green with envy是什麼意思？人們忌妒或羨慕時臉色真的變綠或發青嗎？
（2）英語中說 Paul was in blue mood; Paul（保爾）是什麼情緒？高興、激動、悲哀，還是什麼？
在上列兩句中，green（綠）和 blue（蘭）都不是指顏色，兩個詞都有別的意思--某種文化方面的聯想--從字面上看這種意思不明顯。在詞典上，green 這個詞有「（臉色）變綠」的意思，但green with envy是個固定片語，不過表示「十分妒忌」而已。blue這個詞與mood之類的詞連用表現某種情緒時，表示「沮喪的」、「憂郁的」，例2之意為「保爾情緒低落」。以上兩個例子就涉及詞的字面意義和聯想內涵意義，這就是語言文化差異問題，在教學過程中發現許多學生在理解目的語（target language）時，遇到的障礙並非語言知識造成，而是由文化差異導致的。由此可見，在詞彙教學中加強語言文化因素的對比顯得尤為重要。
二、語言與文化
學語言的目的是為了交流。毫無疑問，詞彙教學也要為這一目的服務。人類的交際不單是一種語言現象，也是一種跨文化現象。在教學中，要對兩種交際文化進行對比，我們首先從文化談起。
文化 culture一詞是一個含義極其廣泛的詞語。它狹義指文學、音樂、美術等，而廣義講是一個社會學術語，按照社會學家和人類學家對「文化」所下的定義，我們所說的「文化」是指一個社會所具有的獨特的信仰、習慣、制度、目標和技術的總模式。（鄧炎昌，劉潤清 1989年）
語言是文化的一部分，又是文化的載體和折射鏡。透過一個民族的語言，可以窺見該民族絢麗多姿的文化形態。英語詞彙作為英語中最活躍、最具生命力的組成部分，最能反映英美文化獨特的魅力和內涵。學習英語詞彙，實際上也是學習西方文化。對於在母語環境下學英語的中國人來說，應該了解在中西方不同文化背景影響下，英漢詞語之間所存在的差異；從另一方面看，語言又受文化的影響，反映文化。可以說語言反映一個民族的特徵，它不僅包含著該民族的歷史和文化背景，而且蘊藏著該民族對人生的看法、生活方式和思維方式。
例如：
在漢語的文化氛圍中，「東風」即是「春天的風」，夏天常與酷署炎熱聯系在一起，「赤日炎炎似火燒」、「驕陽似火」是常被用來描述夏天的詞語。而英國地處西半球，北溫帶，海洋性氣候，報告春天消息的卻是西風，英國著名詩人雪萊的《西風頌》正是對春的謳歌。英國的夏季正是溫馨宜人的季節，常與「可愛」、「溫和」、「美好」相連。莎士比亞在他的一首十四行詩中把愛人比作夏天，Shall I compare thee to a summer』s day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate，學生能體會到莎翁的「愛」嗎？
關於英漢習俗差異，最典型的莫過於在對狗這種動物的態度上。狗在漢語中是一種卑微的動物。漢語中與狗有關的習語大都含有貶意：「狐朋狗黨」、「狗急跳牆」、「狼心狗肺」、「狗腿子」等，盡管近些年來養龐物狗的人數大大增加，狗的「地位」似乎有所改變，但狗的貶義形象卻深深地留在漢語言文化中。而在西方英語國家，狗被認為是人類最忠誠的朋友。英語中有關狗的習語除了一部分因受其他語言的影響而含有貶義外，大部分都沒有貶義。在英語習語中，常以狗的形象來比喻人的行為。如You are a lucky dog（你是一個幸運兒），Every dog has his day（凡人皆有得意日），Old dog will not learn new tricks（老人學不了新東西）等等。形容人「病得厲害」用as sick as a dog，「累極了」是dog-tired。與此相反，中國人十分喜愛貓，用「饞貓」比喻人貪嘴，常有親呢的成份，而在西方文化中，「貓」被用來比喻「包藏禍心的女人」。
宗教信仰有關的習語也大量地出在在英漢語言中。佛教傳入中國已有一千多年的歷史，人們相信有「佛主」在左右著人世間的一切，與此有關的習語很多，如「借花獻佛」、「閑時不燒香，臨時抱佛腳」等。在西方許多國家，特別是在英美，人們信奉基督教，相關的習語如Good helps those who help themselves（上帝幫助自助的人），也有Go to hell（下地獄去）這樣的詛咒。英漢兩種語言中還有大量由歷史典故形成的習語，這些習語結構簡單，意義深遠，往往是不能單從字面意義去理解和翻譯的。如「東施效顰」、「名落孫山」、「葉公好龍」等等。英語典故習語多來自《聖經》和希臘羅馬神話，如Achilles』 heel（唯一致命弱點）、meet one』s waterloo（一敗塗地）、Penelope』s web（永遠完不成的工作）、a Pandora's box（潘多拉之盒棗災難、麻煩、禍害的根源）等。
三、中學英語詞彙教學存在的主要問題。
中國人學英語大多數從初一開始，近年來才開始在部分小學或幼兒園開設英語課。從6年的中學英語學習過程中，筆者發現教師授課都存在一個普遍特徵，那就是先教單詞、短語，再講授課文和做練習。對於單詞的講授無不遵循三個原則：音、形、義，其中「義」也僅僅停留在單詞本身的字面意義上。而對於課文的講授則過分強調語言規則，即一個個的單詞是如何按照一定的語法規則組合成句子以及某些單詞和短語在這個句子中充當什麼成分。另外，對學生所掌握詞彙的考核也僅僅停留在要求學生會讀、會寫以及會運用單詞簡單造句，對於文化知識或是自身缺少了解，知識面不夠廣博，或是以為文化知識對學習語言，對提高考試成績無多大關系，因此往往一帶而過，甚至乾脆置之一旁。這種做法的弊端是顯而易見的。絕大部分學生完成六年的英語學習，腦袋中也裝滿了單詞和短語，可惜無法說出一個完整的句子，學到的仍然是「啞巴英語」。就是在中學英語新教材已經全面使用的今天，由於以上種種原因，雖然平時注意聽、說訓練，學生能夠運用所學的詞彙進行簡單交流，但由於對語言差異問題缺乏了解，以至於詞彙使用不當，出現諸如把「力大如牛」譯成「as strong as cow」，把「凡人皆有得意時」譯成「Every person has a happy day.」，把「揮金如土」譯成「to spend money like earth」，產生交際方面的一系列錯誤。它們的正確形式為 as strong as a horse； Every dog has its day；to spend money like water。而以下的英語學生能理解其含義嗎？如：as blind as a bat(有眼無珠)， to rest on one』s oars（暫時歇一歇），to keep one』s head above water（奮力圖存），all at sea（不知所措）等等。
四、中、英文化比較及英語詞彙教學
1、字面意義和涵義
字面意義就是基本的或明顯的意義。
詞的涵義是詞的隱含或附加意義。
從這個定義的解釋看，對於學外語的學生來說，不僅要掌握詞的字面意義，而且要知道詞的涵義。不了解詞彙涵義，會在語言上犯嚴重錯誤，有時誤把好言當惡語，引起談話者的一方或雙方不快；有時誤把嘲諷當稱贊，被人暗笑。
如「peasant」一詞，是「農民」之義，但外國人眼裡不是「農民」之意。英語中的peasant與漢語中的「農民」所體現的意義並不完全相同，可能有不同的涵義，英語中的peasant是貶義。《美國傳統詞典》給peasant下定義：「鄉下人、莊稼人、鄉巴佬」，「教養不好的人、粗魯的人」。《新編緯氏大學詞典》：「一般指未受過教育的、社會地們低下的人」。在漢語中，「農民」指直接從事農業生產勞動的人，無論在革命斗爭中或是在社會主義建設中都是一支重要的力量，絲毫無貶義。農民應譯成farmer。
再如，politician 和statesman這兩個英語詞。Politician是「政治家」嗎？反過來說，漢語中的「政治家」這個詞應該怎樣譯成英語呢？有些略懂英語的學生譯作politician，這是不合適的。Politician這個詞在美國英語中，往往有很強烈的貶義色彩，引起別人的蔑視。它只為謀取個人私利而搞政治、耍手腕的人。這個詞還有「精明圓滑的人」（smooth--operator）之義。指一個人做事和說話時，信心十足，非常老練。漢語「政治家」這個詞應譯為statesman，在英國英語和美國英語當中都很貼切，statesman主要表示善於管理國家的明知之士；人們通常把有威望的高級政府官員稱為statesman。
事實上，中英兩種語言在字面意和涵義上有以下的關系：
1）、字面意義與涵義相同或相似
(1) Look before you leap.三思而後行
(2) Burn one's boat.破釜沉舟
(3) Strike while the iron is hot.趁熱打鐵
(4) An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.以眼還眼，以牙還牙。
(5) to lose one's face, to save one's face丟面子，保面子
2）、涵義相似，字面意義不同
(1) The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.這山望著那山高。
(2) Nothing ventured, nothing gained.不入虎穴，焉得虎子
(3) That's a piece of cake.那是小菜一碟。
(4) As poor as a church mouse.一貧如洗
(5) Let sleeping dogs lie.切勿打草驚蛇
3）、涵義不同，字面意義相似
(1) to fish in muddy water(英語：形容多管閑事，自討沒趣)渾水摸魚
(2) to make one's hair stand on end(英語：令人毛骨悚然)令人發指
(3) to blow one's own horn(英語：自我炫耀，自吹自擂)各吹各的號
(4) to lock the stable gate after the horse has bolted(英語意思是「太遲了」)亡羊補牢
4）、涵義與字面意義都不同
(1) Modest dogs miss much meat.(英語：謙虛的狗沒肉吃。)滿招損，歉受益
(2) Where there is fear there is modesty.(原為拉丁語格言：謙虛源於膽怯。)老王買瓜，自賣自誇(反諷)
(3) An excess of modesty obstructs the tongue.(英語：謙虛過分束縛舌頭。)自知之明(贊譽)
2、日常談話中的文化判別
見面打招呼
中國人在吃飯前後打招呼的常用語「吃（飯）了嗎？」而美國人則用「Hello」或「Hi」等。如果不理解其涵義，美國人會認為，這種打招呼是說：「沒有吃的話，我正要請你到我家去呢。」總之，這樣打招呼在西方有時意味著邀請對方去吃飯。
再如，漢語中的「上哪去啊？」以及「到哪兒去啊？」這樣打招呼的話直譯成英語就是Where are you going?和Where have you been?用這兩句英語來打招呼，大部分講英語的人聽了會不高興，它們反應很可能是：It』s none of your business!（你管得著嗎？）
英語國家人打招呼通常以天氣、健康狀況、交通、體育以及興趣愛好為話題。
3、稱呼語中的政治地位差異
無論在英國或是在中國，人們的政治地位及身份是有所差別的。不同地位、身份的人在日常的工作、生活中不可避免地會碰到一起，這就產生了不同地位、身份的人們之間的交際問題。中英稱號不同：
王院長Principal Wang,劉軍長Army Commander Liu,馬經理 Manager Ma
這一點教材中都有時不注意，如：人教社JEFC教材Book 3 Lesson 14 The man upstairs中，出現過「I』m sorry to trouble you， comrade．」的道歉語。「comrade」是社會主義國家所特有的稱呼，在英語國家稱呼不知其名的陌生人常用Sir和Madam。如果我們和英語國家的人以comrade相稱，他們將會感到莫明其妙。
在JEFC Book 3 Lesson 34 Uncle Wang』s Factory中，學生們稱呼一位工人為「Uncle Wang」， 這也是中文思維套用英語的現象。漢語中的親屬稱謂有泛化使用的傾向，常用於非親屬之間：年輕人對長輩稱「叔叔」、「阿姨」；對平輩稱「大哥」、「大姐」。但在英語中，親屬稱謂不廣泛地用於社交。如果我們對母語是英語的長輩稱「Uncle Smith」、「Auntie Brown」，對方聽了會覺得不太順耳。英語文化中只有關系十分密切的情況下才使用此類親屬稱謂且後面不帶姓，只帶名，如「Uncle Tom」。
人教社JEFC Book 1中「What』s your name？」出現的頻率相當高，但對於它在何種情況下使用卻鮮有解釋。實際上，英語國家的人在談話時一般先介紹自己的名字，如「I am…」對方自然會即刻說出自己的姓名。即使在填寫表格、面談等場合需要問及姓名時，一般也只說「 Your name， please？」或「May I know your name？」或「How can I call you」等，如果使用「What』s your name？」，他們將有一種被審問的感覺。
又如學生知道teacher的含義是「老師」，也就相應地把「王老師」稱為Teacher Wang。 其實，英語中teacher只是一種職業；漢語有尊師的傳統，「教師」已不僅僅是一種職業，而成為一種對人的尊稱。由於這種文化上的差異，造成學生的簡單理解：王老師=Teacher Wang。此外還把漢語中習慣上稱呼的「唐秘書」、「張護士」稱為Secretary Tang， Nurse Zhang，英語國家的人聽起來感覺不可思議。英語中稱呼人一般用Mr．， Miss， Mrs．等。
4、其它社交禮節上的不同
以please「請」為例。但是在某些場所卻不宜用英語please。讓別人先進門或先上車時，不說please，一般說：After you。但是初學英語的人常用You go first，這是不對的。在餐桌上請人吃飯、喝酒、或者請人抽煙時，一般用Help yourself(to sth.)，也不用please.。
一般來說，我們中國人在家庭成員之間很少用「謝謝」。如果用了，聽起來會很怪，或相互關繫上有了距離。而在英語國家「Thank you．」幾乎用於一切場合，所有人之間，即使父母與子女，兄弟姐妹之間也不例外。送上一瓶飲料，准備一桌美餐，對方都會說一聲「Thank you．」公共場合，不管別人幫你什麼忙，你都要道一聲「Thank you．」。這是最起碼的禮節。
當別人問是否要吃點或喝點什麼時（Would you like something to eat／drink？），我們通常習慣於客氣一番，回答：「不用了」、「別麻煩了」等。按照英語國家的習慣，你若想要， 就不必推辭，說聲「Yes， please．」若不想要，只要說「No， thanks．」就行了。這也充分體現了中國人含蓄和英語國家人坦盪直率的不同風格。
在英語國家，贊美也常用來作為交談的引子。贊美的內容主要有個人的外貌、外表、新買的東西、個人財物、個人在某方面的出色的工作等。通常稱贊別人的外表時只稱贊她努力（打扮）的結果，而不是她的天生麗質。因此贊美別人發型的很多，贊美別人漂亮頭發的很少。對別人的贊美，最普通的回答是：「Thank you．」如：
A：Your skirt looks nice．
B：Thank you．
中國人初次見面問及年齡、婚姻、收入表示關心，而英語國家人卻對此比較反感，認為這些都涉及個人隱私。如在JEFC Book 1 Lesson 16中有這樣的對話：「How old are you， Mrs Read？」「Ah， it』s a secret！」為什麼Mrs Read不肯說出自己的年齡呢？因為英語國家人都希望自己在對方眼中顯得精力充沛，青春永駐，對自己實際年齡秘而不宣，婦女更是如此。再如中國人表示關心的「你去哪兒？」（Where are you going？）和「你在干什麼？」（What are you doing？）在英語中就成為刺探別人隱私的審問或監視別人的話語而不受歡迎。
中國和英語國家的文化差異還顯著地表現在節日方面。除中國和英語國家共同的節日（如New Year』s Day）外，雙方還各有自己獨特的節日，中國有the Spring Festival

『陸』 英語作文 文化差異在跨文化交流的重要性

In Muslim countries, people have knowledge about touch as part of its culture as a whole, and they eat with the right hand or do happy things, with his left hand to touch others is a kind of social insult, because the left hand is used when urine. In traditional Chinese culture, "face" is more important than everything. Face for women is a lifeline. If you touch a Chinese girl's face, that's made a faux pas. The use of touch in different parts of the body is visible and varies by region and culture. If indiscriminately to all intimate sexual contact, the world will be a mess.

4, gestures
Experts suggested that people can make as many as 700000 different body signals, only "various" as a metaphor has been pale, any attempts to classify them also only is disappointing. So we can only from the common communication message to interpret some behavior of the code from the posture and culture meaning.
Gesturing, action is a little different, can with the original intention is different; Wrong, to some gestures can also cause unexpected reactions. In the second world war, the British prime minister Winston Churchill said made a victory (victory) V gestures - pose a V with your index finger and middle finger. When making this gesture, hand to the audience. Winston Churchill is don't know is a mistake, put his back to the audience. Drew boos from the crowd, someone clap, some people become speechless, people couldn't help laughing. The prime minister is other gestures mean. That's not said "victory" V, but a nasty action.
In Britain and the United States and other western countries, sometimes will see some people standing in the road, the cars drove by stretching out a cock thumb fists. This is request a lift, said your thumb downwards said "bad", while the Japanese out of the little finger said "lover", in the United States, people use waving to say goodbye, while in South America, when people see this kind of action not only won't die, it will run to come over to you. In the United States, the thumb and forefinger knead into a circle, the remaining three fingers apart straight up, said the word "0 k"; In Japan, the gesture said money (okane); In the Arab people, this action is often accompanied by his teeth and said together. A finger in the temple, the Chinese said, the United States and Brazil say mad. Put your fingers on the throat said the Russian full; The Japanese have said the action was "fired". Americans, Japanese sipped his mouth to eat in order to be appropriately, while the indians for mouth munching on good manners. If an American inadvertently put chopsticks straight into the bowl, and then gave the Chinese eat rice, Chinese minds could greatly unhappy, because according to Chinese custom, for the dead when the chopsticks into the bowl. Americans with a finger temple said a pistol suicide, reflects the American private gun ownership is not surprising that social and cultural background. Japanese poke to belly said seppuku, reflects the spirit of bushido in Japan's traditional culture. In New Guinea, and put your hands around the neck said suicide; In China, the gesture was beheaded, is take the legacy of the "head" the ancient criminal law.
The range and speed of the attitude motion and posture and sitting habits also reflects the different cultural background and mentality. The hand movements of the jews is far more freedom than general German hand movements, so that life in Germany ring world war ii the jews will try to control your hand movements, so as to avoid exposure. Young white balloon, the young black is a slower pace, this was related with their social environment. In Oriental eyes, the United States women's bold and vigorous, because their steps is larger than the Oriental woman, his spine was more direct. In western eyes, the Japanese women are a deliberate steps reflect their gentleness and submission. The British arms folded on his chest said on the sidelines or are not allowed to be involved, as China's "do nothing"; Americans emphasize optional habitat and the hysteresis of personality, often woman.she sit down or stand a pair of easily spread, so when a foreign teacher in class to sit in the desk, American Chinese students was all too clear. But in Germany and other European countries, compares a standard way of life, people pays attention to the etiquette, the appearance of the lazy is often considered as vulgar and rude. On the attitude motion of the different cultures and sometimes obvious, sometimes subtle difference is often easy to cause the contacts misconct, may even make communication interruption completely. Understanding these differences and take the necessary means of compensation, for people to understand each other in the intercultural communication, avoid misunderstanding, to bridge cultural gaps, no doubt is of great significance.

5, facial gestures
Human feelings and desires, formed in the unconscious of the change of physical behavior, and the use of facial changes is more difficult to gauge the number. Bai juyi: "looking back a smile hundred flatters, natural make-up without color", wrote the most subtle expression effect. In tonga, raise your eyebrows said "yes" or "I agree". In Peru, for "money" or "pay me". Blink of an eye, in Taiwan, blink of an eye to the person is considered to be impolite. Blink one eye, in Australia, blink one eye gestured to the woman, even if is intended to be friendly, is also considered not decent. Pull their eyelids, in Europe and some Latin American countries, pull eyelid motioned with his finger to "take care" or "I care". Hold the ear, in India, says repent or the sincere heart. Signal in the UK it's a secret or confidential. In Italy, said a friendly warning. Thumb tip of nose, this is Europe's one of the most common gestures, said sarcasm. His hands and to strengthen the sarcasm. Twisted nose, in Puerto Rico said questions: "what happened?" . Fingers on the cheek turn, mainly Italian said a gestures of praise. Caresses cheek, in Greece, Italy and Spain indicated that she was "lovely" in Yugoslavia sign for "success".
The expression of emotion is learned in the cultural context, their performance because of the different culture. In China and english-speaking countries no matter smile or laugh, usually friendly, approval, satisfaction, happy, happy, but in some cases, the Chinese smile may cause in the west wall. Here is a letter from the author extracts from American friends talked about some behavior cause misunderstanding in communication between different cultures:
One problem is that China's laugh laugh with the United States have different meaning. For instance, when an American bicycle storage, carelessly bicycle down, he will feel embarrassed by his action does not move. If the Chinese beside laughing at this moment, he will feel being ridiculed, very angry. I also see a similar situation happened in the restaurant. A foreigner accidentally dropped a plate, he would feel very embarrassed, and present the Chinese people laugh, make him more feel not the taste, and angry, and disgust.
Of course, the Chinese the smile has many meanings. Can say: "don't be a matter", "laugh", "it doesn't matter", "we often do this kind of thing." However, for people who do not understand the meaning, a smile will make them feel unhappy, but also to laugh off.
The han nationality in the guests came, only sensible and smiling, and the American Indian tribes have to laugh and cry to meet the arrival of the guests. In some cultures, smacking lips is approved; In Chinese culture, said flavor; In British culture, said there was no taste; In many Mediterranean countries, it is exaggerated pain and sad. Not just happy and friendly smile said, also can transfer information of apology and forgiveness. On the bus because of the brakes and step on someone's feet, smile is equal to say "I'm sorry, please forgive me. Encounter with a stranger or collide, smile to the other party said he hadn't hostile. Service instry often with smile on her face is welcome and friendly said. Oriental is more implicative, feelings is not lighter than the leakage, unlike in the west, especially the Latin people, can see his desires. The Chinese habit in the face to hide feelings, instead of showing affection. Chinese proverb "face" and "face" to the person more use facial expressions to the state of trance humanization. So "sense" and "to read one 's face" has become one of indispensable means of cross-cultural communication.
National differences of body language is the result of cultural differences, is the result of the nationality of culture vary widely. And culture not only has national character, but also timely and worldwide. The nationality of culture reflect the past history of culture, modernity reflects the actual state of culture, the world is to cover the entire earth and breaking through the cultural features of the entire human race, it transcends the specific ethnic groups, the cultural limitations of a particular region, the different national culture attribute a flexible as a universal significance, to raise its specific national culture quality to a new height. In cross-cultural communication, we should not only keep the nature of national culture, and try to catch up the trend of The Times, constantly to update with outstanding achievements in the heterogeneous culture tradition of national culture, promote the development of national culture.

『柒』 國內外關於 中西文化差異對英漢互譯的影響 有哪些研

Literature review on the influence of cultural differences on English Listening
重點詞彙釋義
中外
China and foreign countries; at home and abroad
文化差異
cultural difference
英語聽回力
English listening comprehension
文獻答
literature; document
綜述
summarize; round up; sum up

『捌』 中西文化差異對英漢翻譯的影響 開題報告

你可以看
一下下面的參考資料：
hokvchuonv21226601842011-10-13
5:38:22
中西文化差異對國際商務活動的影響及對策汪清內囡
【摘容要】：在國際商務活動中,文化對於商務活動的各個方面都有著直接的影響。因為世界各國在文化方面差異很大,如時間觀、空間觀念、平等觀念、法制觀念等。所以,在商務活動中只有了解了對方的文化,才能使我國企業順利開展國際商務活動。【作者單位】：
【關鍵詞】：
文化差異
國際商務活動
影響
對策
【分類號】：F740.4
【DOI】：CNKI:SUN:QUIT.0.2006-12-019
【正文快照】：
國際商務活動既是一種經濟活動,同時也是一種文化活動。中國商務人員要在國外尋求市場、供應商、合作夥伴、建立附屬公司或合資企業,需要與具有不同文化背景、使用不同語言的商人進行商務往來,很有必要精心研究文化差異對國際商務活動帶來的影響,並採取相應的對策,使我國企業