关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中的一些特殊用法
关系代词和关系副词都可以引导定语从句,但具体用法是有区别的。现综述如下:
一、关系代词that
1.先行词为既指人又指物的并列词组时,只能用that,例如:
He talked of the people and the books that interested him in the library.他谈到了在图书馆里使他感兴趣的那些人和书。
The lady and the dog that were passing by were seriously injured.刚过去的女士和她的狗伤得很厉害。
2.主句是who或which开头的特殊疑问句,定语从句只能用that引导,以避免重复。
Who of us that knows something about music doesn't know this?我们懂点音乐的人当中有谁不知道这一点呢?
二、关系代词which
1.which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后,其先行项常用来作从句中实义动词的主语。例如:
He came to the meeting at last,which satisfied us.他终于来参加会议了,这使我们很高兴。
2.当非限制性定语从句的谓语动词为一个复合结构时,或者为一个否定句时,只用which,例如:
The boy is always making a lot of noise,which we feel troublesome.这孩子总是吵闹,真让人烦。
He never keeps his promise,which we don't like at all.他从不遵守诺言,这一点我们非常讨厌。
三、关系代词as。as用作关系代词,通常引导一个非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前(which则不可)也可放在主句之后,在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,例如:
As we know,he is a famous inventor.我们知道,他是位著名发明家。
As is expected,the scientist is to visit our school this week.正如期望的那样,那位科学家本周来我们学校访问。
关系代词as还可引导限制性定语从句,在the same…as,such…as,as…as等结构之中,可作主语、宾语或表语。例如:
He is not the same person as he was 3 years ago.他和三年前不一样了。
下列两句都是定语从句,由于关系代词不同,意义也有所差别:
He used the same tool as we used.他用的工具和我们用的一样。
He used the same tool that we used.他用的就是我们用过的工具。
注意,如果先行词表示的是抽象的概念,则意思一样,例如:
I have the same idea/opinion as(或that)you have.
四、关系副词。关系副词when、where和why可以引导表示时间、地点和原因的定语从句(why只可引导限制性定语从句),在从句中作状语,也可用“prep+which”来替代,但介词的选择则决定于which所指的名词与介词的搭配关系,或决定于从句中的动词与介词的搭配关系。例如:
That is the house where(=in which)he lived ten years ago.这是他10年前住过的房子。
That is the house where(=from which)you can enjoy the scenery.你从中能欣赏外面风景的就是这座房子。
That is the reason why(=for which)he didn't come.这是他为什么没来的原因。
I still remember the time when(=at which)
I first became a primary school pupil.我仍记得自己刚上小学的时候。
先行词为the time,the place,the reason以及the way,the moment,theperiod等少数名词时,在口语中也可用that代替when,where,why,in which等,还可省去。例如:
That is the time(that)he arrives.那就是他到达的时间。
That is the way(in which/that)he did it.那是他做事的方式。
Do you know the place(that)he worked then?你知道他当时工作过的地方吗?
