New Words explanation
smoke
v. draw in and let out the smoke of burning tobacco (in cigarettes, etc.)
吸烟
She has never smoked outside.
她在外面从不抽烟。
He doesn't smoke cigarettes made in foreign countries. Instead, he only smokes Chinese cigarettes.
他不抽外烟，只抽国烟。
n. [U] gas coming from sth. burning
烟，烟雾
The smoke from the chimney (烟囱) is the main cause of pollution in this area.
烟囱中冒出的烟是这一地区的主要污染源。
smoker
n. [C] a person who smokes
吸烟的人
In the past, many professors were heavy smokers.
过去，许多教授烟抽得很厉害。
non-smoker
n. [C] a person who does not smoke
不吸烟的人
Smokers have to take care of non-smokers, because they may make them secondhand smokers.
吸烟者应该关心不吸烟者，因为他们可能使不吸烟者变为间接吸烟者。
article
n. [C] a piece of writing
文章
This is a perfect article on education.
这是篇关于教育的好文章。
compare
vt. examine things to see how they are alike or different
比较，对比
If you compare the works of the two poets, you'll find this one's are easy to understand.
对比两位诗人的作品，你会发现这一位的诗比较容易理解。
He compared one suggestion with another before he made the decision.
他在做出决定之前比较了多个建议。
opinion
n. 1. [C; U] what a person thinks about
意见，看法，主张
Those are my opinions about the agricultural production next year.
那就是我对明年农业生产的看法。
In my opinion, the organization of this article should be improved.
在我看来，这篇文章的结构需要改进。
People have a very high opinion of this book.
人们对这本书的评价很高。
2. [U] what people think about
公众舆论
Public opinion is against the actress.
公众舆论对这位女演员不利。
secretary
n. 1. [C] a high-level government officer in some countries
部长
He used to be the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States.
他曾经是美国农业部长。
2. [C] a person who does office work
秘书，文书
As a secretary, you should take care of your own business.
作为秘书，你应该管好份内的工作。
welfare
n. [U] health, safety, etc. of the public
福利
We should make efforts to realize the welfare of people in the mountains.
我们必须努力保障山区人民的福利。
They have made a firm decision to improve welfare work.
他们做出有力决策以改善福利工作。
state
vt. say sth. in spoken or written words
陈述, 说明，阐述
Then the article continues to state the importance of women in society.
这篇文章随后阐述了妇女在社会中的重要性。
He stated firmly that he had never read the book before.
他肯定地说他从未读过那本书。
n. 1.[C] a condition in which a person or thing is
状态，状况
I'm worried about her state of health.
我担心她的身体状况。
Many people are still in a state of shock after the big fire.
大火之后许多人仍处在惊慌状态中。
2. [C] a country
国家
Should agriculture be controlled by the state?
农业是否应该由国家控制？
3. [C] a smaller organization within a country
州；邦
The United States has 50 states.
美国有50个州。
force
vt. make sb. do sth. that he doesn't want to do
强迫，迫使
I didn't want to go; he forced me.
我并不想去，他硬要我去。
The president was forced to give up.
总统被迫让步。
n. 1. [U] power or strength
力，力量
He used force to get into the room.
他用力进入了房间。
The robber took the money from the old man by force.
歹徒强行抢走了老人的钱。
2. [C] power on sth.
势力，威力，影响力
Many forces have been at work to improve our living.
多种因素共同作用提高我们的生活水平。
The force of his argument was so great that many people changed their thoughts.
他的论点很有力，许多人改变了他们原来的想法。
breathe
v. 1. take sth.into the lungs
吸入
You need to take a walk outside and breathe some fresh air.
你需要到外面走一走，呼吸点新鲜空气。
2. take air into the lungs and send it out again
呼吸
Fish cannot breathe out of water.
鱼离开水就不能呼吸。
The doctor told me to breathe in slowly.
医生让我慢慢吸气。
support
vt. 1. show that sth. is true
证明；支持
It appears that his opinions are well supported by the facts.
他的看法似乎有充足的事实根据。
Many professors supported the program of basic education.
基础教育计划得到了许多教授的支持。
2. hold the weight of; hold up
支撑，承受
The bridge is partly supported by this big piece of steel.
桥的部分重量由这块大钢板承受。
3. give money for sb. to live on
支撑，维持
It is not easy to support such a large family.
供养这样一个大家庭并不容易。
n. 1. [U] the state of being supported so as not to fall
支撑，承受
The bridge needs extra support.
这座桥需要再支撑一下。
2. [U] help or encouragement
支持，赞助
Customers have given us a lot of support in our various business programs.
顾客对我们的各种商业活动给予了很大支持。
They wrote a letter to the government in support of teachers' demand for a pay increase.
他们给政府写了一封信，支持教师加薪的要求。
ignore
vt. take no notice of
不顾；忽视
You should think carefully about others' advice instead of ignoring it.
你应该仔细考虑他人的建议，而不是忽视这些建议。
We cannot ignore the importance of agriculture in national economy.
我们不能忽视农业在国民经济中的重要地位。
restriction
n. 1. [U] putting a limit on sth.
限制，约束
It is agreed that restriction of smoking should be set in the school.
大家都赞成在学校限制吸烟。
2. [C] sth. that restricts
限制，约束
People who drive should not ignore traffic restrictions.
驾车的人不应忽视车速限制。
area
n. [C] a space left for certain use
留作某种用途的空间
He was looking for the smoking area.
他在找吸烟区。
extra
a. more than or beyond what is needed
外加的，多余的
We need some extra money for the research.
我们作这项研究还需要一些钱。
according to
1. as stated by sb.
据某人所述
According to John, you were in London last week.
据约翰说，你上星期在伦敦。
2. in a way that agrees with sth.
按照，根据
I have finished the work according to the plan.
我已按计划完成了工作。
cost
n. 1.[C] the price paid for sth.
价格，费用
I bought the table at a cost of $50.
我买这张桌子花了50美元。
Parents have to support their children by covering the cost of books。
家长需要负担孩子的书费。
2. [C; U] sth. given in order to get sth. else
代价，牺牲
The high development of the economy in that area was made at the cost of reducing agriculture.
那个地区经济的高速发展是以缩小农业规模为代价的。
v. have sth. as a price
价钱为；使付出
Education costs money.
教育需要投资。
This new machine costs us ten thousand dollars.
这台新机器花了我们一万美元。
reduce
vt. make sth. less in size, amount , etc.
减少，降低，缩小
The government stated that taxes for people with low income would be relatively reduced.
政府声明低收入人群的税额将有所削减。
She succeeded in reducing her weight.
她成功地减轻了体重。
prevent
vt. (from) stop sth. from happening or stop sb. from doing sth.
预防；阻止，阻挡
These rules are made to prevent accidents among school children.
制定这些措施是用来防范学童中的事故。
Without more money, they will be prevented from finishing their programs.
如果没有更多的资金，他们就不能完成他们的计划。
murder
n. 1. [U] killing a person with a plan
谋杀
He was put into prison on murder.
他因谋杀罪被关进监狱。
2. [C] an instance of murder
谋杀案
Five murders happened in one week.
一周之内发生了五起谋杀案。
president
n. [C] the head of some government bodies
（政府部门或机构）首脑；总统；主席
There was a meeting between the presidents of the two countries last week.
上周两国总统进行了会晤。
council
n. [C] a group of people making laws or decisions
联合会，委员会，议会
The local council is in charge of making roads.
地方议会负责修建道路。
citizen
n. 1. [C] a person who has full rights in a country
公民
She has become a British citizen.
她已成为英国公民。
2. [C] a person who lives in a town or a city
市民
Many citizens are for the restriction of smoking in public places.
很多市民支持在公共场合禁止吸烟。
enforce
vt. make sth. work
实施，执行
Governments make laws and the police enforce them.
政府制定法律，警方执行法律。
cigarette
n. [C] tobacco pieces rolled up in paper for smoking
香烟
He smokes 20 cigarettes a day.
他每天抽20支烟。
defend
v. 1.say or write sth. to support
为……辩护
He tried to defend his ideas with facts.
他试图用事实证明他的观点。
2. keep safe
防护，保卫
The council states that every child should be defended against dangerous things.
理事会指出每个孩子都不应受危险事物的侵害。
3. protect so as to stop others from coming close
防守，防御
They have shown great skill in defending their goal.
他们防守球门的技巧很高。
It appears easy to attack but difficult to defend.
看起来进攻易，防守难。
personal
a. 1. of a certain person
个人的
That's my personal opinion on enforcing the law on adoption.
那是我个人关于执行领养法的意见。
2. private
私人的
I have something personal to discuss with you.
我有点私事要和你商量。
experience
n. 1. [U] learning or skill got from seeing or doing sth.
体验，经验
I don't have much experience in trade.
我没有多少贸易经验。
We all learn by experience.
我们都从经验中学习。
2. [C] an event that gives one such learning or skill
经历
He has many interesting experiences.
他有许多有趣的经历。
That article describes an exciting experience of the writer in Africa.
那篇文章描述了作者在非洲的一段激动人心的经历。
v. feel or learn by experience
经历；感受
Our country has experienced great changes in the past 20 years.
在过去的20年中，我们国家经历了巨大的变化。
similar
a. nearly the same
类似的，相似的
We have similar likes in music.
我们在音乐方面爱好相似。
After I compared the various opinions, I found that Linda's was rather different from Jones's, but Amy's was similar to mine.
我比较了众多意见后发现，琳达的意见与琼斯的有些不同，而艾米的和我的没什么差别。
similarity
n. 1. [C] a similar point
相似之处
The police say that there are some similarities between this murder and the one that happened last month.
警方说这起凶杀案与上个月发生的那起有些相似之处。
2. [U] being similar
相似
How much similarity is there between the two cultures?
这两种文化有多少相似？
We have some points of similarity in learning.
我们在学习上有一些相似之处。
except
prep. leaving out
除……之外
Everyone except me went to the party.
所有的人都去参加晚会了，只有我没去。
Everyone looked happy, except me.
除了我以外，所有的人看起来都很高兴。
restaurant
n. [C] a place where meals can be bought or eaten
餐馆，饭店
This restaurant is owned by an American food company.
这家酒店是由一家美国食品公司开的。
customer
n. [C] a person who eats in a restaurant or buys sth. from a shop, etc.
顾客
Some customers are difficult to please.
有些顾客很难服侍。
demand
vt. 1. ask for sth. firmly
要求，强求
The workers are demanding better pay.
工人们要求提高工资。
She demanded to speak to the president.
她要求与校长谈话。
2. need in order to be successful
需要，要求
The success of this game was not a result of good luck. It demanded special skills in both attack and defense.
赢得这场球赛并不是因为运气好，它需要进攻和防卫的特殊技巧。
n. 1. [C] an act of demanding
要求，请求
The company has turned down our demand for a 5% pay increase.
公司拒绝了我们增加5%工资的要求。
This work makes great demands on time.
这项工作对时间要求很高。
2. [U] the strong need for sth.
需要，需求
There's not much demand for this kind of information.
这种信息不太需要。
company
n. [C] a group of people united for business reasons
公司
He has opened a computer company.
他开了家电脑公司。
force sb. to do sth.
make sb. do sth. by force
强迫，逼迫
Parents should not force their children to study.
家长不应该强制孩子学习。
because of
for the reason of
由于，因为
Because of the time limit, we have to stop our talk here.
由于时间有限，我们只能谈到这里。
prevent … from
stop sth. from happening or stop sb. from doing sth.
防止，阻止
I tried to prevent her from leaving her job.
我尽力阻止她辞职。
He covered the books with his coat to prevent them from getting wet.
他用外衣把书包了起来，以免把书弄湿。
take the view
have the opinion
持某种观点
He takes the view that smokers should not smoke before non-smokers and non-smokers should avoid smokers when they are smoking.
他的观点是吸烟者不该在不吸烟的人面前吸烟，而不吸烟的人应该在吸烟者吸烟时回避。
set up
form, build, or establish
形成，建立
Let's set up two groups for the game.
我们来设两个组进行比赛。
stop doing sth.
prevent sth. from happening
阻止，停止
We must set a rule to stop cutting trees on this mountain.
我们必须规定禁止在这座山上砍伐树木。
lose time
spend time for no use; waste time
失去时间，浪费时间
They lost some precious time because of the poor organization of the program.
由于该项目的组织工作不力，他们浪费了一些宝贵的时间。
at the same time
together; meanwhile
一起，同时
The two companies opened at the same time and have competed with each other.
这两家公司是同时开张的， 而后一直是竞争对手。
Government organizations should restrict smoking, and at the same time have special medical care for smokers.
政府机构应该对吸烟加以限制，同时也应该为吸烟者提供特殊的医疗服务。
at work
doing something
在工作中
Danger; men at work on this road!
危险，此路正在施工！
save money
put money aside
省钱，储蓄
We have to take care of our spending. Otherwise we cannot save money.
我们得注意花费，否则就无法攒钱。
Because he worked hard and spent little, he had saved a lot of money for the house.
他拼命工作，花费很少，因此积蓄了很多钱买那套房子。
Joseph Califano
约瑟夫•卡利法诺
Paul Screvane
保罗•斯克里文
New York City Council
纽约市参议会
