Language Point 1
Should we allow smoking in public places? (Para.1)
smoking: n. [U] the act or habit of smoking cigarettes, etc. 吸烟
My doctor advised me to give up smoking. 医生劝我戒烟。
No smoking in the theater. 剧院内禁止吸烟。
Language Point 2
This is an important question being discussed in American society today. (Para.1)
Note: 现在分词短语一般放在所修饰的名词之后，相当于一个定语从句，但比从句简洁，例如：
A little child learning to walk often falls. 学走路的孩子常常跌倒。
Do you know the man carrying a large raincoat? 你认识那个拿着一件大雨衣的人吗？
Language Point 3
This article compares two totally different opinions. (Para.1)
article：n. [C] a piece of writing文章
Please answer the following questions according to the article you have just read. 请根据你刚才所读的文章回答下列问题。
There’s an article about cycling holidays in today’s newspaper. 今天的报纸上有一篇关于骑自行车度假的文章。
Language Point 4
This article compares two totally different opinions. (Para.1)
compare：vt. examine things to see how they are similar or different 比较，对比
I compared the books of the two writers and found this one’s are easier to understand. 我对比了两位作家的作品，发现这一位的比较容易理解。
If you compare the old and the new types, you’ll see the changes we’ve made. 比较一下新旧两个型号，你就会发现我们做了哪些改动。
Note: 动词compare后可接to或with。在表示两物相似的情况下常用
compare to，意为“将……比作”
The poet compares the woman he loves to a rose. 这位诗人把他钟情的女子比作玫瑰。
在比较两物的异同时则常用compare with，意为“将……与……进行对比”
If we compare French schools with British schools, we find there are many differences. 如果我们把法国的学校和英国的学校相比，会发现它们有许多不同之处。
Language Point 5
This article compares two totally different opinions. (Para.1)
opinion: n.
1) [C; U] what a person thinks about sth. 意见，看法，主张
Would you please give your opinion about the government situation? 您是否可以谈谈您对政府形势的看法？
In my opinion, we can ask the parents of the children for more advice. 在我看来，我们可以从孩子家长那里寻求更多的建议。
The official was of the opinion that the factory should be closed at once. 那位官员的意见是这家工厂必须立即停产。
2) [U] what most people think about sth. 公众舆论
Public opinion is against the newspaper. 公众舆论对这家报纸不利。
Public opinion is in favor of a change in the law. 公众舆论支持修改法律。
Language Point 6
… Joseph Califano, past United States Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare … (Para.2)
Meaning: … Joseph Califano, former United States Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare …
secretary: n.
1) [C] a high-level government officer in some countries 部长
He is the Secretary of Agriculture. 他是农业部长。
You’ll have to get permission(许可) from the Secretary of State for Defense. 你需要得到国防部长的批准。
the Secretary of State (美国)国务卿
the Home Secretary内政大臣
2) [C] a person who does office work for a boss秘书，文书
Secretaries should take care of their own business. 秘书应该管好自己份内的工作。
She got a job as personal secretary to the company chairman. 她找到一份担任公司董事长私人秘书的工作。
Language Point 7
… Joseph Califano, past United States Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare … (Para.2)
welfare: n. [U] health, safety, etc. of the public 福利
He has the welfare of the workers at heart. 他把工人们的福利放在心上。
A firm decision is made by the government to improve welfare work. 政府出台了一项有力的决议以改善福利工作。
Language Point 8
Califano states that … (Para.2)
state: vt. say sth. in spoken or written words 陈述, 说明，阐述
Then the book continues to state the importance of literature in higher education. 这本书随后阐述了文学在高等教育中的重要性。
He stated firmly that he had never seen this relative before. 他肯定地说他以前从未见过这个亲戚。
Please state if it’s your opinion or the opinion of others’. 请指出这是您的看法还是他人的意见。
Language Point 9
… should not be forced to breathe other’s smoke. (Para.2)
force
1) vt. make sb. do sth. that he doesn’t want to do 强迫，迫使
I didn’t want to smoke; he forced me. 我并不想抽烟，他硬要我抽。
Well, you can’t force them to work. 唉，你不能强迫他们工作。
2) n. [U] strength or power 力，力量
The force of the explosion broke all the windows. 爆炸力把窗子都震碎了。
You must use force to open the bottle. 打开这个瓶子要使劲。
Language Point 10
… should not be forced to breathe other’s smoke. (Para.2)
breathe: v.
1)take sth. into the lungs 吸入
He became ill after he had breathed (in) dust for many years. 他因常年吸入灰尘而得病。
2)take air into the lungs and send it out again呼吸
I could hardly breathe when I saw him coming into the room. 看到他走进屋，我感到我的呼吸几乎停止了。
The doctor told me to breathe in slowly. 医生让我慢慢吸气。
Language Point 11
He supports his opinion with numbers … (Para.2)
Meaning: He uses numbers to show that his opinion is right.
support: vt.
1) show that a theory, claim, etc. is true 证明，支持
The theory is not well supported by the facts. 这一理论缺乏事实根据。
This new evidence(证据) supports my theory. 这一新证据证明我的理论是对的。
2) bear the weight of; hold up 支撑，承受
The bridge is partly supported by the two towers(塔). 桥的部分重量由两座塔楼承受。
That chair won’t support a heavy person. 那把椅子经不住一个胖人。
3) give money for sb. to live on 供养
She needs a high income to support such a large family. 她需要有高收入来供养这样一个大家庭。
Now there is another man to help support the family. 现在又有了一个人帮助养家。
n. [U] help or encouragement支持，帮助
Thank you for your support at this difficult time. 谢谢你在困难时期伸出援手。
The theater closed for lack of support. 剧院因缺乏观众支持而关闭。
Language Point 12
5,000 Americans die each year because of … (Para.2)
because of: for the reason of 因为
He walked slowly because of his bad leg. 由于腿坏了，他走得很慢。
Because of the rain, we did not go for a walk. 因为下雨，我们没有出去散步。
Language Point 13
He believes that this is something we can’t ignore. (Para.2)
Meaning: He believes that we must pay attention to this fact.
ignore: vt. take no regard of 不顾，忽视
People had a bad opinion of her, because she ignored their advice. 她不重视他人的意见，因此声誉不太好。
It would not be wise to ignore the importance of agriculture in a country. 忽视农业在一个国家中的地位是不明智的。
Language Point 14
He, therefore, supports the restriction of smoking … (Para.2)
restriction: n.
1) [U] putting a limit on sth. 限制，约束
It is agreed that there should be a restriction on the sale of wine set in the college. 大家都赞成在校园里对饮酒进行限制。
This ticket allows you to travel anywhere, without restriction. 凭这张票你可以到处旅游，不受限制。
2) [C] sth. that restricts 限制，约束
You should not ignore speed restrictions when you drive. 你开车时不应忽视车速限制。
There are a lot of parking restrictions in the city center. 在市中心停放车辆有许多限制。
Language Point 15
… and other work areas, with extra sections for smokers. (Para.2)
Meaning: … and other work places, which give a special place for smokers.
area: n. [C]
1) space kept for a certain use 留作某种用途的空间
Here is the parking area and the smoking area is over there. 这里是停车区，吸烟区在那里。
The restaurant has a non-smoking area. 那家餐厅有禁烟区。
2) a part of a town, a country or the world 地区
Housing is very expensive in the London area. 伦敦地区的房屋非常昂贵。
Don’t sound your horn(喇叭) in the city area. 不要在市区鸣笛。
Language Point 16
… and other work areas, with extra sections for smokers. (Para.2)
extra: a. more than or beyond what is needed 外加的，多余的
The bus company sent out extra buses because there were so many people. 因为人太多，汽车公司加派了车。
I will need some extra money for the holiday. 我还需要一些钱来度假。
Language Point 17
According to Califano … (Para.2)
according to:
1) as stated by sb. 据某人所述
According to them, these questions are too difficult for the students. 据他们说，这些问题对学生来说太难了。
According to the radio, it will rain tomorrow. 据广播预报，明天会下雨。
2) in a way that agrees with sth. 按照，根据
Everything will go according to the plan. 一切会按计划进行。
In the past the wages were set according to age and experience. 过去薪金是按年龄和经验而定的。
Language Point 18
…the cost of controlling smoking wouldn’t be very high. (Para.2)
cost: n.
1) [C] the price paid for sth. 价格，费用
High production cost results in high prices of goods(商品). 生产的高成本导致商品的高价位。
You have to consider the cost of traveling, too. 你还要考虑旅途的费用。
2) [C;U] sth. given in order to get sth. else 代价，牺牲
He finished the work at the cost of his health. 他完成了这项工作，但失去了健康。
We must avoid war, at all costs. 要不惜一切代价避免战争。
Language Point 19
… people will save money by reducing illness. (Para.2)
Meaning: … people will save money if they don’t often fall ill.
reduce: vt. make sth. less in size, amount, etc. 减少，降低，缩小
The shop has reduced the prices, so it’s a good time to buy. 那家商店减价，因此是买东西的好时机。
She succeeded in reducing her weight from 60 kilos to 50 kilos. 她成功地将体重从60公斤减到50公斤。
Language Point 20
… people will save money by reducing illness. (Para.2)
Note: illness和disease的用法相近，区别在于illness用以形容生病或身体不适, 而disease用以形容有名称和有特殊症状的疾病，由细菌、病毒等引发或会相互传染：
Father is just getting over from his illness. 父亲病后初愈。
Arthritis is a chronic(慢性) disease. 关节炎是一种慢性病。
Language Point 21
The point is to prevent their smoking from becoming a slow murder of others. (Para.2)
Meaning: The goal is to stop their smoking from slowly killing other people.
prevent…from: stop sth. from happening or stop sb. from doing sth. 防止，阻止
What can we do to prevent this disease from spreading? 我们有什么办法防止这种疾病蔓延？
I don’t think that we can prevent them from finding out about this. 我想我们很难阻止他们探究这件事。
Language Point 22
The point is to prevent their smoking from becoming a slow murder of others. (Para.2)
murder: n.
1) [U] killing of a person with a plan 谋杀
He decided to help the police to prevent murder. 他决定帮助警方阻止谋杀。
He was sent to prison for the murder of a police officer. 他因谋杀警察而入狱。
2) [C] an instance of murder 谋杀案
Both murders were done by the same person. 两宗谋杀案都是同一人所为。
Six murders happened in one week. 一周之内发生了六起谋杀案。
vt. kill sb. when one has decided to do it 谋杀
She was murdered with a knife. 她是被人用刀杀死的。
She never killed herself; she was murdered. 她从未自杀，她是被谋杀的。
Language Point 23
The second opinion is against controlling … (Para.3)
be against
1) not agree with or support (sb. or sth.) 不赞成，不支持
Are you for or against the plan? 你赞成还是反对这个计划？
She felt that everybody was against her. 她觉得每个人都在为难她。
2) not follow (a law, rule, etc.) 违反（法律、规定等）
In some countries, it is against the law to open the shop on Sunday.在一些国家， 商店星期天营业是违法的。
It’s against the law to buy cigarettes before you are sixteen. 未满16岁的人购买香烟是犯法的。
Language Point 24
Paul Screvane, former president of the New York City Council, sees the problem in a different way. (Para.3)
Meaning: Paul Screvane holds a different view of the problem.
president: n. [C] the head of some government bodies or departments （政府部门或机构）首脑；总统；主席
He was made president of the Board of Trade. 他被任命为贸易委员会主席。
President Clinton made a speech at that university when he visited China. 克林顿总统访问中国时在那所大学作了一次演讲。
Language Point 25
Paul Screvane, former president of the New York City Council, sees the problem in a different way. (Para.3)
council: n. [C] a group of people making laws or decisions 联合会，委员会，议会
The city council is planning to build a new swimming pool. 市议会计划修建一个新游泳池。
They discussed the latest student council news. 他们讨论了学生会的最新消息。
Language Point 26
… would set up two classes of citizens… (Para.3)
Meaning: … would create two different classes of people …
set up: form, build, or establish 形成，建立
The government has set up more hospitals in the countryside. 政府在农村又建了一些医院。
They planned to set up a scientific station on the Moon. 他们计划在月球上建立科研站。
Language Point 27
… would set up two classes of citizens … (Para.3)
citizen: n.
1) [C] a person who has full rights in a country 公民
She was born in Italy but now she is a French citizen. 她出生在意大利，但现在是法国公民。
2) [C] a person who lives in a town or a city 市民
I had asked many citizens for their advice before I made the decision. 我在做出这项决定之前征求了许多市民的意见。
Many of the citizens of Paris leave the town for the beach during the summer. 每到夏天很多巴黎市民都离开城市到海边去。
Language Point 28
A law to stop smoking in public places could not be enforced, because the police are too busy. (Para.3)
Meaning: A law to stop smoking in public places could not be made effective, because the police are too busy to try to control smoking.
enforce: vt.
1) make sth. effective 实施，执行
Governments make laws and the police enforce them. 政府制定法律，警察执行法律。
How will they enforce the new law? 他们会怎样执行这条新法令？
2) force sth. to be done or to happen 强制
Being a teacher, you can’t enforce obedience (服从)upon the children. 作为老师，你不能强制孩子们服从你。
They tried to enforce agreement with their plans. 他们企图迫使人们同意他们 的计划。
Language Point 29
… he can find “no facts that prove smoke from other people is a danger”. (Para.3)
Meaning: …he can find “no facts that prove cigarette smoke is dangerous to people who don’t smoke”.
Language Point 30
… scientists could not prove that cigarette smoke is … (Para.3)
cigarette: n. [C] tobacco pieces rolled up in paper for smoking 香烟
How many cigarettes does he smoke a day? 他每天抽多少支烟？
She lit another cigarette. 她又点了一支烟。
John put out his cigarette. 约翰把烟掐灭了。
Language Point 31
… the cost of changing offices to avoid smoke is too great. (Para.3)
Meaning: … to provide non-smokers with separate offices to avoid smoke will cost too much money.
Language Point 32
Screvane, a heavy smoker himself, would lose too much time if he had to go … (Para.3)
Note: 在虚拟条件句中，条件从句的谓语用动词的过去式，结果主句的谓语用should(第一人称)或would(第二、第三人称) +动词原形：
If we left now, we should arrive in good time. 假如我们现在就走，我们能及时到达。
Even if he had the money, he wouldn’t buy it. 他即使有钱也不会买它。
Language Point 33
These two men, it seems, will never agree. (Para.4)
Meaning: It seems that these two men will never have the same opinion.
Language Point 34
… at the same time defend their own opinions with examples, numbers, and personal experience. (Para.4)
Meaning: … at the same time support their own opinions with …
defend: v.
1) say or write sth. to support 为……辩护
The president spoke on television to defend the government’s policy. 总统在电视上讲话，为政府的政策辩护。
My sister defended me when Father said I was lazy. 父亲说我懒，而姐姐为我辩护。
2) keep safe防护，保卫
The mother monkey tried to defend her baby. 猴妈妈力图保护她的孩子。
He gave the girl a gun to defend herself. 他给了女孩一支枪用来自卫。
3) protect so as to stop others from coming close 防守，防御
They defended their goal with great skill. 他们防守球门的技巧很高明。
It appears easy to attack but difficult to defend. 看起来进攻易，防守难。
Language Point 35
… at the same time defend their own opinions with examples, numbers, and personal experience. (Para.4)
personal: a.
1) of a certain person 个人的
That’s my personal opinion on enforcing laws. 那是我个人关于执法的意见。
This car is for your personal use only. 这辆车只供你个人使用。
2) private 私人的
I have something personal to discuss with you. 我有点私事要和你商量。
The letter was marked “personal” so I did not open it. 这封信标明是“私人信件”，所以我没有拆开。
Language Point 36
… at the same time defend their own opinions with examples, numbers, and personal experience. (Para.4)
experience: n.
1) [U] learning or skill got from seeing or doing sth. 体验，经验
She said she had twenty years’ experience in teaching. 她说她有20年的教学经验。
We all learn by experience. 我们都从经验中学习。
2) [C] an event that gives one such learning or skill 经历
He has many interesting experiences in foreign countries. 他在国外有许多有趣的经历。
The article describes an exciting experience of the writer in China. 那篇文章描述了作者在中国的一段激动人心的经历。
vt. have experience of sth. 经历
It was the first time I ever experienced pleasure. 这是我生平第一次感受到欢乐。
I experienced great difficulty giving up smoking. 我戒烟经历了很大的困难。
Language Point 37
There are no similarities in their ideas, except perhaps the point about smoking in restaurants. (Para.4)
Meaning: They hold different opinions, but both of them agree that smoking in restaurants should be stopped.
similarity: n.
1) [C] a similar point 相似之处
He found some similarities between this article and the one he read last week. 他发现这篇文章与他上周读的那篇文章之间有些相似之处。
Although there are some similarities between the two towns, there are a lot of differences too. 这两个市镇虽然有些相似，但也有许多不同之处。
2) [U] being similar 相似
How much similarity is there between the two products? 这两种产品有多少相似？
We have some points of similarity in background. 我们有一些相似的背景。
Language Point 38
There are no similarities in their ideas, except perhaps the point about smoking in restaurants. (Para.4)
except: prep. not including; leaving out 除……之外
Everyone except me was invited. 除了我所有的人都受到了邀请。
She has no one except her father. 除了父亲，她再没有别的亲人了。
Language Point 39
There are no similarities in their ideas, except perhaps the point about smoking in restaurants. (Para.4)
restaurant: n. [C] a place where meals can be bought or eaten 餐馆，饭店
They had supper in a Chinese restaurant. 他们在一家中餐馆吃了晚饭。
We went out to a restaurant to celebrate my birthday. 我们去一家饭店庆祝我的生日。
Language Point 40
… if many customers demand it. (Para.4)
Meaning: …if many customers firmly ask for it.
customer: n. [C] a person who eats in a restaurant or buys sth. from a shop, etc. 顾客
The customer is difficult to please. 这位顾客很挑剔。
I looked around and saw my first customer coming toward me. 我环顾四周，看到我的第一位顾客向我走来。
Language Point 41
… if many customers demand it. (Para.4)
demand: vt.
1) ask for sth. firmly 要求，强求
The workers are demanding better pay. 工人们要求提高工资。
She demanded to be treated like the others in the group. 她要求与同组其他人待遇相同。
2) ask a question in an aggressive way 质问，查问
“Have you seen her?” he demanded. “你见过她吗？” 他质问道。
“What are you doing here?” she demanded. “你在这儿干什么？” 她问。
3)need in order to be successful 需要，需求
Being a good parent demands patience and understanding. 做好父母要有耐心，还要善解人意。
n. [C] an act of asking for sth.; strong need 要求，需求
There is no demand for this kind of product. 这种产品没有需求。
There is a great demand for builders in the new town. 这座新城市很需要建筑工人。
Language Point 42
Screvane cares about creating different classes of people in society, about money, and about time, but he never talks about public health and safety. (Para.4)
Meaning: Screvane is concerned about creating different groups of people in society, about money, and about time, but he is never concerned about the health and safety of people.
care about: be worried about or interested in关心；介意
The education of the children is the thing that she cares about most. 她最关心的是孩子们的教育。
I don’t care about what you do. 你干什么我不在乎。
Language Point 43
Screvane cares about creating different classes of people in society, about money, and about time, but he never talks about public health and safety. (Para.4)
talk about: say sth. about 说话，谈话
We talked about our holiday. 我们谈了谈假期的事。
I didn’t understand what she was talking about. 我不明白她在讲什么。
Language Point 44
I also believe that companies could save … (Para.5)
company: n.
1) [C] a group of people united for business reasons 公司
He has opened a cigarette company. 他开了家烟草公司。
Is the telephone company here private or state-owned? 这里的电话公司是私营的还是国营的?
2) [U] being with a person 陪伴
She was very good company and I enjoyed our evening together. 她是个很好的伙伴，晚上我和她在一起过得很愉快。
I always enjoy her company because she always has interesting stories to tell. 她有讲不完的有趣故事，我乐于跟她在一起。
