The writing method of making contrast between two things is very common in argumentation. Here are 3 points for our attention:
1. Signals of contrast
We usually recognize contrasts on the basis of meaning. If the meaning of two things (such as the parts of a sentence, two objects or two thoughts) can be identified as being greatly different from each other in some way, we can say they are in a relationship of contrasts. Different words or groups of words are used to signal contrasts, depending on the subject. These signals often include: but, however, while, meanwhile, whereas, instead of, instead, on the one hand, on the other hand, etc.
2. Making contrasts for different purposes
Writers use contrast to do different things. For instance, the contrast between Paragraph 7 and Paragraph 8 tells that what really happens at the Indian Institute of Technology runs against its initial purpose: cultivating talents for the reconstruction of the nation. However, in Paragraph 17 the sharp contrast between India’s remarkable electronics industry and the ever-worsening condition of India’s interior framework (i.e., public facilities) draws the reader to consider the reasons for this difference.
3. Making contrasts on the paragraph level, or within one paragraph or sentence
A writer can illustrate a point by using contrast on several different levels. The contrast may be found on the paragraph level, that is, by putting the contrasting items in separate paragraphs. This is shown in Paragraphs 7 and 8.
It is also possible to place both parts of the contrast in the same paragraph, such as in Paragraph 17.
Finally, contrast can also be shown within a single sentence. Consider the following examples:
“This new leadership has abandoned all talk of economic imperialism in favor of market economics.” (Para. 16, Passage A, Unit 9) In other words, the new leaders favor market economics instead of economic imperialism.
“Indians now put flowers around Bill Gates’ neck and offer him the kind of reception once offered only to the Queen.” (Para. 16, Passage A, Unit 9) Putting the contrast differently: Instead of “throwing out” Microsoft products (as examples of imperialism), Indians now give Microsoft’s Chairman a “royal” welcome when he visits India.