sociology
n. [U] scientific study of the nature and development of society
社会学
a sociology course
一门社会学课程
She has a degree in sociology and political science.
她具有社会学和政治学的学位。
sociological
a. of sociology
社会学的，有关社会学的
sociological theory
社会学理论
sociological research
社会学研究
sociologist
n. [C] student or expert in sociology
研究社会学的人，社会学家
She is a prominent sociologist.
她是位著名的社会学家。
Sociologists disagree about whether sociology is a science or not.
社会学家们对于社会学是否是一门科学有争议。
valid
a. 1. (of views or reasons, etc.) well based
（指证明，理由）有充分根据的，合情合理的，健全的
Her excuse was not valid.
她的辩解是站不住脚的。
There is still no valid research that supports your theory.
目前还没有站得住脚的研究可以证明你的理论。
2. lawfully effective
有效的，具有法律效力的
Is this agreement valid?
这个协议有法律效力吗？
The marriage was held to be valid.
这桩婚事被认为是有效的。
validate
vt. make sth. well based
证实
Mr. Brown tried to validate his criticisms.
布郎先生试图证明他的批评是有道理的。
Can you validate your views against economic growth?
你能证明自己反对经济增长的观点站得住脚吗？
virtually
ad. in every important respect; almost
实际上，事实上，实质上; 几乎
It used to be virtually impossible to find restaurants outside the cities, but it's much easier now.
过去在城市外几乎不可能找到餐馆，不过现在容易多了。
On the label, the milk is described as "virtually fat-free".
这种牛奶标签上写着"基本上不含脂肪"的字样。
tidy
a. arranged in order
整洁的，整齐的
a tidy person
穿着整洁的人
She keeps her house very tidy.
她把她的屋子收拾得非常整洁。
v. make sb. / sth. / oneself tidy
（使）整洁，（使）整齐
You'd better tidy this room before the guests arrive.
你最好在客人到来之前把房间好好整理一下。
Have you tidied up yet, kids?
孩子们，你们都收拾好了吗？
untidy
a. not tidy
不整洁的，邋遢的，凌乱的，混乱的
an untidy desk
乱糟糟的书桌
He's an untidy worker; he leaves his tools everywhere.
他是一个邋遢工人，他将工具到处乱放。
wrinkle
v. (cause sth.) to form small lines
(使) 起皱纹
The apples are beginning to wrinkle.
这些苹果开始起皱纹了。
Too much sunshine will wrinkle your skin.
过多阳光会使你的皮肤起皱纹。
n. [C] small line in the skin, esp. one of those on the face that is caused by age
皱纹
She's beginning to get wrinkles around her eyes.
她的眼角开始有鱼尾纹了。
There are some wrinkles in the back of your skirt where you've been sitting down.
你裙子后面一直坐着的地方有一些褶皱。
sweat
n. [U] natural liquid which comes through the skin when one is hot, ill, afraid, working hard, etc.
汗
By the time we'd climbed to the top of the hill, we were covered in sweat.
我们爬到山顶时已经浑身是汗了。
She wiped the sweat from her forehead.
她擦去额头上的汗珠。
vi. produce sweat, when hot, ill, afraid, or working hard
出汗，流汗
It was so hot when we arrived in Shanghai that we started to sweat as soon as we got off the plane.
我们到达上海时那儿很热，一下飞机我们就开始出汗了。
The prisoners were sweating with fear.
囚犯们吓出一身冷汗。
pants
n. 1. [pl.]
长裤，（宽松的）便裤
sweat pants
[复] <主美>（尤指运动员运动前后保暖穿的）宽松长运动裤
2. 内裤
The boy was so frightened he wet his pants.
这男孩害怕得尿湿了衬裤。
wool
n. 1. [U] fine soft hair that forms the coats of sheep and goats
羊毛
The goats are specially fed for their wool.
这些山羊是专为剪取羊毛而喂养的。
The blankets are made from wool and the sheets from cotton.
这些羊毛毯是羊毛制的，被单是棉制的。
2. [U] thread or cloth made from this
毛线，毛料
How many balls of wool would you need to make that sweater?
你织那件毛衣需要多少团毛线？
conceal
vt. keep sth. / sb. from being seen or known about; hide sth. / sb.
隐藏，隐蔽，隐瞒
He tried to conceal his heavy drinking from his family.
他竭力向家人隐瞒他大量酗酒的习惯。
I tried to conceal my surprise when she said she was only 22.
当她说她只有22岁时，我尽力掩饰自己的惊讶。
clip
vt. 1. hold sth. together with devices
别在••••••上，夹住
Do you clip those earrings on?
你的耳环是夹上去的吗？
When you've finished your work, clip them together and hand them in to me.
完成练习之后，把它们别在一起交给我。
2. cut sth. with scissors or some sharp tool to make it tidier
剪短，修剪
The children were amazed to see the sheep being clipped.
孩子们饶有兴趣地看着剪羊毛。
n. [C] a small metal or plastic object used for tying things together or holding them in position
夹子，别针
a hair clip
发夹
The paper was tied together with a plastic clip.
纸张是用一个塑料夹子扣在一起的。
poverty
n. [U] state of being poor
贫穷，贫困
She had been worn down by poverty and illness.
贫困和疾病把她折磨倒了。
Two million people in the city live in poverty.
这座城市里有两百万的人生活在贫困中。
mild
a. 1. not deeply felt or seriously intended
轻微的，不严重的
She looked at him in mild surprise.
她略带吃惊地看着他。
She can't accept even mild criticism of her work.
她甚至不能接受对她作品的一点点批评。
2. (of a person or his manner) gentle; soft
（指人或其举止）温和的，温柔的，和善的
He's the mildest man you could wish to meet.
他是你能见到的最和善的人。
He gave a mild answer, in spite of his anger.
尽管他十分恼火，他还是态度温和地回答了。
mildly
ad. 1. slightly, not deeply or seriously
轻微地
I suggested it to him, but he seemed only mildly interested.
这事儿我向他提议过, 但他似乎兴趣不大。
2. in a gentle manner
温和地
She spoke mildly to us.
她对我们说话很温和。
"I think you've made a mistake," he said mildly.
"我认为你犯了个错误。"他温和地说。
emotional
a. 1. of the strong feelings of any kind
情感的，情绪的，感情的
emotional problems
情绪问题
My doctor said the problem was more emotional than physical.
我的医生说问题不是出在身体上而是在感情上。
2. causing or showing strong feelings
引发或表现强烈感情的
The president has made an emotional speech for the killing to stop.
总统情绪激动地发表演讲呼吁停止屠杀。
That music's so emotional; it always brings a tear to my eye.
那音乐如此让人动情；它总让我落泪。
railroad
n. [C] railway
铁路
Be careful when you cross the railroad.
穿越铁路时要小心。
I cross the railroad bridge every day on my way to school.
我每天上学路上都要穿越铁路桥。
charity
n. 1. [C] society or organization for helping people
慈善机构
Money from the sale of these cards will go to local charities.
卖这些贺卡所得的钱将捐献给地方慈善组织。
Many charities sent money to help the victims of the flood.
许多慈善机构寄款救济遭受水灾的人们 。
2. [U] (generosity in) giving money, food, help, etc. to the people who are in need; help given in this way
（慷慨）施舍；捐助，救济款
The old man was too proud to accept what he regarded as charity.
那个老人太要强了，不肯接受他认为的施舍。
They live on charity.
他们靠救济过日子。
exclusive
a. 1. (of a high-class shop, goods sold in it, etc.) not found elsewhere; reserved for the rich
奢华的，高级的
an exclusive restaurant
高级饭店
The tennis club has an exclusive membership.
这家网球俱乐部的成员都是些有钱人。
2. limited to only one person or group of people
专一的，唯一的，独用的
This room is for the exclusive use of guests.
这间房间专供客人使用。
Singing is not her exclusive interest outside work; she does many other things as well.
唱歌不是她工作之余唯一的爱好；她还有很多其它爱好。
n. [C] a story which is printed in one newspaper or magazine and no others
独家新闻，独家专文
The newspaper published an exclusive about the incident.
这家报纸刊登了有关那事件的独家新闻。
The Sun has had a number of useful exclusives.
《太阳报》发表过好几篇有用的独家新闻。
wander
vi. 1. move around in an area or go from place to place without any special purpose
漫游，漫步，闲逛
We wandered around for hours looking for the house.
我们转悠了好几个小时寻找那座房子。
We spent the morning wandering around the old part of the city.
我们花了一个上午在该市的老城区逛悠。
2. (of a person or an animal) leave the right place or way
（指人或动物）离群，迷失方向
We seem to have wandered from the path.
我们好像走岔了路。
The child wandered off and got lost.
那孩子走失了。
blend
v. mix or combine together
（使）混和，（使）混杂，（使）交融
Blend the eggs and milk together.
把鸡蛋和牛奶调和在一起。
I tried to blend into the crowd, but I was obviously not dressed for the occasion.
我试图融入人群中，但很明显我的穿着不合这种场合。
n. [C] combination of different kinds
混合物
Which blend of coffee would you like?
你喜欢往咖啡里放些什么？
His manner is a blend of charm and politeness.
他的态度既有魅力又文雅。
scale
n. 1. [C] method of dividing people based on how big, important, rich, etc. they are
等级，级别
a scale of wages
工资等级
The pay scale goes from $8,000 to $20,000.
薪金级别介于8,000至20,000美元之间。
2. [U, C] relative size, extent, etc
规模，大小
My parents used to entertain friends on a large scale.
我父母过去常常举行大规模的宴会招待朋友。
The scale of his spending - about $50, 000 in a year - amazed us all.
他一年开销大约5万美元，这个数额使我们都很吃惊。
upper-scale
a. High-class
上流的，高档的
down -scale
a. Low-class
下等的，低档的
ID
n. [U] identification, way of proving who one is; official papers that do this
身份证明，证明身份的证件
We were asked to show some ID before the guards let us in.
保安在让我们进去前要求我们出示身份证明。
Can I see your ID, please?
我能看看你的证件吗？
identification
n. [U] process of proving or beiing proved
鉴定，验明，认出
The identification of the murdered woman took place last week.
上星期对被谋杀妇女的身份进行了鉴定。
The identification of the accident victims took some time.
查明事故中遇难者的身份花费了一些时间。
discourage
vt. 1. try to stop; persuade sb. not to do sth.
设法阻止，劝阻
Parents should discourage smoking.
父母应当设法制止吸烟。
What discourages me from going camping is the rain!
阻止我去露营的就是这场雨。
2. make sb. feel less confident or less willing to do sth.
使泄气，使不想干
The thought of how much work she had to do discouraged her.
一想到要干那么多的活，她就心灰意冷。
Don't discourage her; she's doing her best.
别给她泼冷水，她正竭尽全力呢。
entry
n. 1. [C] act of coming or going in
进入，入场
The thieves had forced an entry into the building.
窃贼强行进入了那幢建筑物。
The actress's entry into the world of political affairs surprised most people.
该女演员进入政界使许多人都大为吃惊。
2. [C] person or thing taking part in a race or competition
参加比赛的人或物
This painting is my entry for the art competition.
这幅画是我参加美术比赛的作品。
There are fifty entries for the 800 meters race.
有50个人报名参加800米赛跑。
rib
vt. make fun of (sb.) in a friendly way
开玩笑，取笑
She was continuously ribbed about her accent.
她的口音常受到别人的取笑。
His brothers ribbed him about his new girlfriend.
他的兄弟们因他交上了新的女朋友而跟他开玩笑。
imitate
vt. 1. copy the speech, actions, dress, etc. of sb.; take or follow as an example
模仿，效仿
He's very clever at imitating his friends.
他很善于模仿朋友们的讲话和动作。
Some of the young men try to imitate their musical heroes from the past.
一些年轻男子试图模仿他们心中的往日音乐偶像。
2. produce a copy of the real thing
仿制，仿造
They produce man-made chemicals which exactly imitate particular natural ones.
他们生产完全仿照某些天然化学品的人造制品。
He imitated the works of Picasso.
他仿制毕加索的作品。
rude
a. 1. (of a person or his manner) showing no respect; impolite
（指人或其行为）无礼的，不礼貌的，粗野的
It's rude not to say "Thank you" when you are given something.
别人给你东西时不说"谢谢"是不礼貌的。
He's got no manners; he's rude to everyone.
他没有礼貌； 他对每个人都很粗鲁。
2. simple or simply made
简陋的，欠加工的
We built a rude shelter from rocks on the beach.
我们用海滩上的岩石建了一个简陋的庇护所。
These are rude stone tools.
这是些粗糙的石制工具。
accompany
vt. 1. happen with sth.
伴随，和……一起发生
It had strong winds accompanied by heavy rain.
那天是风狂雨骤。
Fever is almost always accompanied by cough.
发烧几乎总是伴有咳嗽。
2. walk or travel with sb
伴随，陪伴，陪同
Would you like me to accompany you to your room?
你想让我陪你去房间吗？
He was accompanied on the trip by his wife.
他那次旅行有妻子随行。
grace
n. 1.[pl.] pleasing act or manner
风度
Ken is sadly lacking in the social graces.
可惜肯缺乏社交礼仪。
She's well-informed in the social graces.
她通晓社交规范。
2. [U] quality of simple elegant beauty (esp. in smoothly controlled movement)
优美，优雅
Joanna has natural grace and elegance.
乔安娜具有自然的优雅风姿。
The skaters moved over the ice with smooth grace.
滑冰者在冰上的姿态流畅优雅。
vt. give honor to sb. / sth.
给... ...增光
The Queen is gracing us with her presence.
女王的驾临令我们感到十分光彩。
Many great people will be gracing the opening night of the play.
许多重要人物的光临将为此剧的首演增色不少。
symbol
n. 1. [C] object that represents sth. because it is connected with it in a lot of people's minds
代表物，象征物
The private plane is a symbol of wealth.
私人飞机是财富的象征。
The car is a symbol of freedom.
汽车是自由的象征。
2. [C] image, object, etc. that suggests or refers to sth. else
象征，标志
The lion is the symbol of courage.
狮子是勇敢的象征。
The heart shape is a symbol of love.
心的形状象征着爱。
3. [C] mark or sign with a particular meaning
记号，符号
On maps, a cross is the symbol for a church.
地图上的符号"+"代表教堂。
You see the symbol on this label? Does that mean I have to hand wash this shirt?
你看到签条上的标记了吗？ 那是不是说这件衬衫只能手洗？
inherent
a. existing as a natural or born quality of sb. / sth.
固有的，与生俱来的
There is an inherent weakness in the design.
这个设计有个内在的固有弱点。
There are dangers inherent in almost every sport.
每种运动都有其危险性。
dignity
n. 1. [U] calm or serious manner or style
尊严，端庄
She kept her dignity in spite of the laughing.
尽管人们讥笑她，可她仍然保持着自己的尊严。
She is a lady of quiet dignity.
她身上有一种娴静的高贵气质。
2. [U] the sense that you have of your own importance and value
自尊感，自我价值感
How could you say that? Have you no dignity?
你怎么能说这样的话？你没有自尊心吗？
She doesn't stand on her dignity and treat the rest of us as servants.
她并不自恃高贵而把我们这些人当佣人看待。
accurate
a. Exactly correct
确切的，精确的
We hope to become more accurate in predicting floods.
我们希望能更准确地预测水灾。
She is always accurate in her use of language.
她使用语言总是很准确。
The figures they have used are just not accurate.
他们使用的数字不正确。
The clock on my desk is accurate.
我书桌上的钟很准。
accurately
ad. exactly, correctly
精确地，准确地
The plans should be drawn as accurately as possible.
计划要制定得尽可能精确。
He is only one year old, more accurately, eleven months.
他才一岁，更准确地说，才十一个月大。
conspicuous
a. easily seen; noticeable
显而易见的，引人注目的，显著的
If you're walking along the dark road at night you should wear conspicuous clothes.
如果你晚上在黑暗的街道上走，就应该穿醒目的衣服。
He tried not to be conspicuous and moved slowly along the back of the room.
他沿着房间后部慢慢移动，尽量不让自己引起注意。
conspicuously
ad. noticeably
显著地，显眼地
The red flag rose conspicuously over the beautiful city.
红旗十分醒目地在这座漂亮的城市上空飘扬。
He is conspicuously not present in the meeting.
他的缺席会议引人注目。
bound
n. 1. [pl.] limits
边界，界限，边区
The school declared that the town was out of bounds to its pupils.
学校宣布禁止学生入城。
All our trading activities are within the bounds of the law.
我们所有的贸易活动都在法律允许的范围之内。
2. [C] quick large jump
跳跃，跳跃向前
With one bound the dog was over the wall.
那条狗一个跳跃就跳过了墙。
He jumped over the gate in one bound.
他一跃跳出了大门。
a. certain, very likely
一定... ...，必定... ...
The weather is bound to get better tomorrow.
明天天气一定会好起来。
These two young musicians are bound for international success.
这两个年轻的音乐家一定能在国际上取得成功。
vi. jump or run with jumping movements
跳，跃
The dog came bounding up to him.
那只狗跳跃着跑到他面前。
He bounded across the road.
他跳跃着穿过了马路。
internal
a. 1. of or on the inside
内部的，在内部的
We are holding an internal inquiry to find out who is responsible.
我们正在进行内部调查以查明谁该负责。
The internal record indicates that there had been concern about safety before the accident.
内部记录表明人们在事故发生之前就已有了安全方面的担心。
2. of political, economic, etc. affairs within a country, rather than abroad
国内的，内政的
internal trade
国内贸易
It is not certain whether a meeting would solve the internal conflict.
一次会议是否能解决这一内部冲突，值得怀疑。
3. of the mind
内心的
He is fighting against internal doubts.
他正努力克服内心的疑惑。
She was trying to cover internal fear.
她试图掩盖内心的恐惧。
internalize
vt. accept as your own, so that it becomes a natural and important part of your character
使内在化
He had not expected the people to internalize the values of equal rights so readily.
他没有料到人民这么快就接受了权力平等的价值观念。
It is proved that present-day children easily internalize violent behavior through social learning.
事实证明现在的孩子由于受社会的影响很容易产生暴力行为。
superficial
a. 1. not deep
肤浅的，浅薄的
You have only a superficial knowledge of the subject.
你对该学科只有粗浅的了解。
I only have a superficial knowledge of French.
我对法语只懂些皮毛。
2. of or on the surface only
表面的，表面上的
The driver only got superficial cuts.
司机只是受了点外伤。
There are superficial similarities between the two cars, but actually they're quite different.
乍一看两辆车差不多，但实际上差别很大。
prevail
vi. 1. exist or happen generally
盛行，流行
The use of horses still prevails among the poorer farmers.
贫穷的农民仍然普遍用马代步和运输东西。
This is a strange custom that still prevails.
这是个仍然盛行的奇怪风俗。
2. fight successfully (against sb. / sth.)
获胜，战胜，胜（过）
The enemy prevailed over the native population.
敌人打败了当地居民。
I am sure that common sense will prevail in the end.
我相信最终理性将占上风。
catalogue (catalog)
vt. list (sth. / sb.) in a special order
把... ...编入目录，为... ...编目录
Many rare plants have not yet been catalogued.
许多珍稀植物还未被归类。
This report is the first effort to catalogue the effects of smoking.
这份报告第一次试图将吸烟所造成的后果进行分类。
n. [C] (book having a) complete list of items, usu. in a special order and with a description of each
目录
a library catalogue
图书馆目录
She gave a catalogue of the mistakes he had made in the past.
她一一列举了他过去所犯的各种错误。
undoubtedly
ad. without doubt
确实地，无疑地
The painting is undoubtedly real.
这幅画无疑是真的。
It is undoubtedly the best French film this year.
毫无疑问，这是本年度最好的法国影片。
go to great lengths to do
make a great deal of effort to do
竭尽全力去做
Some people go to great lengths to make their homes attractive.
有些人千方百计使他们的家令人钦羡。
They went to great lengths to keep the affair secret.
他们竭尽全力为这事保密。
be inappropriate for
not suitable for; not right and proper for
不适当的，不合适的
Sports clothes are inappropriate for a formal wedding.
在正式婚礼上不宜穿运动服。
Her thin shoes were inappropriate for such muddy paths.
她的鞋太薄，不适合走这么泥泞的路。
act sth. out
1. express (thoughts, unconscious fears, etc.) in actions and behavior rather than in words
表达, 发泄
They acted out their frustration.
他们用行动来发泄受挫失望的情绪。
Children's strong feelings often get acted out in bad behavior.
孩子们的强烈的情感经常通过不良行为表现出来。
2. act a part, usu. in a real-life situation and for some purpose
（通常在真实生活中为某种目的）表现，扮演
She acted out the hero's part in detail.
她把男主人公这个角色演得维妙维肖
She acted out the role of wronged lover to make him feel guilty.
她装出一副受委屈的情人的样子，以让他感到内疚。
speak of sth.
suggest sth.
表明，暗示
Her behavior speaks of suffering bravely borne.
她的行为反映了她勇敢承受着的痛苦。
The whole robbery spoke of inside knowledge on the part of the criminals.
整个抢劫案表明罪犯掌握了内情。
turn out
prove to be; come to be known
证实是，原来是
It turned out that she was my sister's friend.
她原来是我姐姐的朋友。
As events turned out, we were right to have decided to leave early.
正如结果所证明的，我们决定早点离开是对的。
turn sb. off
drive sb. / sth. away (from a place)
（从……）撵走，逐走（某人或某物）
Unwanted visitors will be turned off my land.
不受欢迎的来访者将被从我的土地上请走。
tune out
ignore, stop listening or paying attention to
不理会, 不睬
The children tuned out their mother's commands.
孩子们不理会母亲的吩咐。
She tuned out after I said no extra money was involved.
在我说了不再追加资金投入后, 她就不想再听了。
You have to just tune him out when he gets angry.
他生气时, 你只能不理他。
up to sth.
capable of sth.
能做，胜任
I don't feel up to going to work today.
我今天身上不舒服，不能去上班。
He wants to compete at an international level, but I don't think he's up to it.
他想在国际水平上竞争，但我认为他还不到那个水平。
more or less
almost
几乎，差不多
I've more or less finished reading this book.
我差不多快读完这本书了。
The project was more or less a success.
这项计划大体上是成功的。
follow one's track
be after sb./sth.
跟着
We followed his tracks through the snow.
我们顺着他在雪地里的足印前进。
The hunters followed the tracks of the animal for hours.
猎人循着动物的脚印追了几个小时。
apart from
except for
除开，撇开，除……以外
Apart from his nose, he's quite good-looking.
除鼻子以外，他长得还是很帅的。
Apart from you and me, I don't think there was anyone there under thirty.
除了你我二人，我想那时在场的人都在30岁以上。
blow one's cover
reveal
泄露，暴露
The enemy's cover was blown.
敌人的掩护身份暴露了。
I was pretending to be her sister until she blew my cover.
直到她揭露真相， 我一直在假装是她的姐姐。
out of character
not representative of a person's character
不合……个性的
Her behavior last night was quite out of character.
昨晚她的举止颇有点反常。
I can't believe he would have quarreled-- it seems so out of character.
我不相信他会吵架-- 这听上去太不符合他的性格了。
turn to sb.
face sb.
转向（某人），扭向（某人）
Turn to me a little more. I can't see your eyes in the shadow.
你再转过来一些，在阴影里我看不见你的眼睛。
Please turn to me when you're speaking, so that I can hear what you are saying.
请你在说话时面朝着我，以使我能听到你说的是什么。
