Language Point 1
Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning (the title)
implication: n.
1) sth. that is suggested; sth. that is not openly stated
The journalists discussed the political implications of the war. 记者们讨论了这场战争的政治含义。
I thought the implication was that they were splitting up. 我想这潜在的意思就是他们分手了。
2) involving or being involved, esp. in a crime
He was suspected of implication in several robberies. 他被怀疑涉嫌几桩盗窃案。
The implication of the general manager in the criminal case further complicated the whole situation. 总经理卷入这件刑事诉讼案使整个形势进一步复杂化了。
Language Point 2
Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning (the title)
clone: v. (cause a plant or animal to) grow with the same genes as the original from which it was produced
The idea of cloning life forms no longer belongs to science fiction. 克隆生命不再是科幻小说里的东西了。
They cloned some remarkable organisms in their laboratory. 他们在实验室里成功克隆了令人瞩目的生物体。
n. a plant or animal which has the same genes as the original from which it was produced
A clone is identical with the original animal or plant. 克隆物与母本动物或植物完全相同。
Although two clones are identical genetically, they may develop in different ways.尽管两个克隆人的遗传基因相同，但他们的发育成长却可能很不一样。
Language Point 3
At first it was just plain surprising. (Para. 1)
Meaning: At the very beginning the news that an adult mammal had been successfully cloned was obviously a shock to people.
Language Point 4
At first it was just plain surprising. (Para. 1)
plain: ad. obviously; plainly; unmistakably ( “Plain” is often used informally for “plainly”.)
It was just plain stupid to give him your address. 你把你的地址告诉他，真是太傻了。
What she said was just plain wrong. 她说的都是错的。
Language Point 5
Word last week that a scientist named Ian Wilmut had succeeded in cloning an adult mammal — an achievement long thought impossible — caught the imagination of everyone. (Para. 1)
Meaning: The news that a scientist named Ian Wilmut had successfully cloned an adult mammal led people to imagine a lot. His successful clone was an achievement that had been thought impossible for quite a long time.
Language Point 6
Word last week that a scientist named Ian Wilmut had succeeded in cloning an adult mammal... (Para. 1)
word: n. news or a message
Word came of his success abroad. 传来他在海外获得成功的消息。
Word has been spread fast of the incidents on the streets. 关于这些事件的消息在街上传得很快。
Language Point 7
The laboratory process that produced Dolly, an unremarkable-looking sheep, theoretically would work for humans as well. (Para. 1)
Meaning: Since Dolly, a plain sheep, could be cloned in the laboratory, humans would, in theory, be created in the same way.
theoretically: in theory, not in practice
Language Point 8
The laboratory process that produced Dolly, an unremarkable-looking sheep, theoretically would work for humans as well. (Para. 1)
work for:
1) apply to
The rules of safe driving work for everyone. 安全驾驶的规章制度适用于每个人。
In addition, the results of the investigation work for the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America. 另外，调查结果也适用于拉丁美洲说西班牙语的国家。
2) make efforts to achieve sth.
They worked for the complete abolition of capitalist exploitation of men by men. 他们为彻底消除资本主义人剥削人的制度而努力工作。
Language Point 9
A world with human clones was suddenly within reach. (Para. 1)
Meaning: Human cloning suddenly became possible for us.
Language Point 10
A world with human clones was suddenly within reach. (Para. 1)
within (one's) reach:
1) inside the distance that a hand, etc. can touch
He's grown so much that now even the top shelf is within (his) reach. 他长得真快，现在连最高的一层架子都能够着了。
2) inside the distance that can be (easily) travelled
I see that you live within reach of Seattle. 我知道你住得离西雅图很近。
Compare:
beyond/out of (one's) reach: the opposite of “within (one's) reach”
An expensive trip like that would be completely beyond / out of (my) reach. 像这样费用高昂的旅行，我是负担不起的。
Promotion seemed out of reach for me, even though I had been in the company for over twelve years. 尽管我在这家公司工作12年多了，看来还是没有提升的机会。
Language Point 11
It was science fiction coming to life. (Para. 1)
Meaning: Human cloning which once appeared only in science fiction became a reality.
Language Point 12
It was science fiction coming to life. (Para. 1)
fiction: n.
1) stories or novels about imaginary people and events, as compared to other sorts of literature like history or poetry
modern fiction 现代小说
postmodern fiction 后现代小说
The author's new novel is a fine work of fiction. 该作者新写的小说是一部构思很好的作品。
2) an invention of the mind; an untrue story
All these promising statistics that the organization puts out are complete fictions. 该组织公布的所有这些让人充满希望的统计数字完全是捏造出来的。
You never really know what's fact and what's fiction when he tells you something. 他告诉你事情的时候，你永远都弄不清楚什么是真的，什么是编造出来的。
Language Point 13
It was science fiction coming to life. (Para. 1)
come to life: be alive or vivid
When I mentioned our plans for a trip abroad, the kids came to life at once. 我一提起到国外旅游的打算，孩子们顿时显得兴致勃勃。
The quiet girl has come to life since she worked as a saleswoman. 那个少言寡语的姑娘自从当上了售货员后变得活跃起来。
Language Point 14
In the wake of Wilmut's announcement, governments hurried to draft guidelines for the unknown, a future filled with incredible possibilities. (Para. 2)
Meaning: After Wilmut's announcement, governments of various countries were in a hurry to draw guidelines for a future which is full of incredible possibilities and hard to predict.
the unknown: things that are unknown to us
Note that "a future filled with incredible possibilities" is in apposition to "the unknown".
Language Point 15
In the wake of Wilmut's announcement,... (Para. 2)
in the wake of: coming after or following
Airport security was extra tight in the wake of yesterday's bomb attacks. 继昨天发生的炸弹爆炸事件后，机场特别加强了安全防范工作。
He resigned in the wake of accusations that he had stolen from the company. 他被指控盗窃了公司的财产，随即就辞职了。
Language Point 16
…governments hurried to draft guidelines for the unknown,… (Para. 2)
draft: vt.
1) make a preliminary version of (a document)
draft a constitution 起草宪法
draft a telegram 草拟一份电报稿
She's busy drafting her speech for next week's conference. 她正忙着为下周的会议起草演讲稿。
2) engage someone to enter the army
He was drafted by the army and served for 4 years. 他被征召入伍，在部队里服役了4年。
n.
1) a preliminary written version of sth.
By the end of the year Jim had produced a first draft of his new novel. 年底，吉姆完成了他的新小说的初稿。
I've made a first draft of my speech for Monday's meeting. 我写好了星期一开会演讲的初稿。
2) a written order for money to be paid by a bank, esp. from one bank to another
I arranged for some money to be sent from London to Madrid by banker's draft. 我安排用银行汇票的形式将一些钱从伦敦寄到马德里。
A bank cannot refuse to cash a banker's draft, whereas it can refuse to cash a cheque. 银行可以拒绝兑换支票，却不可以拒绝兑换银行汇票。
Language Point 17
President Clinton ordered a national commission to study the legal and moral implications of cloning. (Para. 2)
Meaning: President Clinton issued an order to set up a national committee to discuss what human cloning means in terms of law and morality.
Language Point 18
Leaders in Europe, where most nations already prohibit human cloning, began examining the moral implications of cloning other species. (Para. 2)
Meaning: In Europe, where most nations already forbid human cloning, leaders began studying what cloning other species meant morally.
Language Point 19
Leaders in Europe, where most nations already prohibit human cloning,... (Para. 2)
prohibit: vt. forbid, esp. by law, or prevent by making impossible
The government introduced a law prohibiting tobacco advertisements on TV. 政府颁布法律禁止在电视上做香烟广告。
The loudness of the music prohibits serious conversation in most nightclubs. 大多数夜总会里音乐声很响，没法正儿八经地谈话。
Language Point 20
Like the Theory of Relativity, the splitting of the atom, and the first space flight, Dolly's appearance has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians, and philosophers. (Para. 3)
Meaning: Like the first appearance of great human achievements such as Einstein's Theory of Relativity, the splitting of the atom, and the first space flight, Dolly's birth has also raised a lot of difficult problems for scientists, politicians and philosophers to cope with.
Language Point 21
Like the Theory of Relativity,... (Para. 3)
relativity: n.
1) a theory dealing with the physical laws which govern time, space, mass, motion, and gravitation, expressed in certain equations by Albert Einstein
the general / special relativity 广义 / 狭义相对论
The theory of relativity is Einstein's theory concerning space, time, and motion. 相对论是爱因斯坦关于空间、时间和运动的理论。
2) state of being relative
the relativity of means to ends 手段对目的的相关性
Language Point 22
…the splitting of the atom,… (Para. 3)
split: v.
1) (cause sth. to) break into two or more parts, esp. from end to end
The Americans successfully split the atom in 1944, preparing themselves for an atomic bomb. 美国在1944年成功地使原子产生裂变，为制造原子弹做好了准备。
His trousers split when he tried to jump the fence. 他跳过篱笆时，裤子撕破了。
2) (cause sb. to) separate or divide into groups or parties
The committee was split right down the middle on this proposal. 委员会在这项议案上分成势均力敌的两派。
The two friends split over differences in opinion. 这两个朋友因意见不同而闹翻了。
n. splitting; division or separation resulting from splitting
Can you mend this split in my jacket? 你能将我夹克衫上的裂缝补好吗？
There is a great danger of a split in the party if a competent leader is not found soon. 如果不及早找到一位能力强的领导者，这个政党将面临分崩离析的危险。
Language Point 23
…the splitting of the atom,… (Para. 3)
atom: n.
1) the smallest unit of any chemical element
atom-free zone 无原子武器区
atom scientist 原子科学家
Over 200,000 Japanese people were killed or wounded when two atom bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. 1945年在广岛和长崎扔下的两枚原子弹造成20多万日本人的伤亡。
2) a very small quantity or thing
She hasn't got an atom of common sense. 她一点常识也没有。
We hadn't an atom of food. 我们一点食物也没有。
Language Point 24
And wild questions on the topic of cloning continue to mount. ( Para. 3)
Meaning: And people continue to bring up many unpredictable questions about cloning.
Language Point 25
And wild questions on the topic of cloning continue to mount. ( Para. 3)
wild: a. marked by extreme lack of restraint or control
wild ideas 异想天开的想法
wild originality 奇特的创见
Language Point 26
And wild questions on the topic of cloning continue to mount. ( Para. 3)
mount: v.
1) increase in amount or degree
Sales were mounting after prices were lowered. 价格降低后，销售量就上去了。
Tension mounted as we waited for the decision. 我们等待着决定时，气氛越来越紧张。
2) go up or onto
mount the stairs 上楼梯
She mounted her horse and rode off. 她骑马而去。
He mounted the platform and began to speak. 他走上讲台开始讲话。
3) prepare and produce; organize
mount an exhibition 筹备展览
The opposition is getting ready to mount a powerful attack on the government. 反对派正准备对政府发动一次有力的进攻。
n.
1) a lightweight horse, etc. kept for riding only
The old donkey is an excellent mount for a child. 这头老驴是孩子的好坐骑。
2) sth. forming a back that is added for strengthening
I'm looking for something I can use as a mount for this picture. 我在找裱这幅画的纸。
Language Point 27
Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place? (Para. 4)
Meaning: Why would people want to clone a human being at all/ to begin with?
Language Point 28
Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place? (Para. 4)
in the first place: at first; at the beginning
They very quickly forgot that I never wanted Feldman involved in the first place. 他们很快就忘记了，我一开始就不希望费尔德曼卷进来。
Had we known she would never have been allowed out in the first place, we would not have asked her to the evening party. 要是我们一开始就知道不许她出来，我们就不会请她参加晚会了。
Compare:
in the first place …, in the second (place) …: as the first point (as in the development of an argument)…, as the second point…
It was unwise to suggest that others should store tinned food. In the first place few people would have room to store much and in the second tinned food should be treated with great care. 建议别人储存罐头食品是不明智的。其一，很少有人有地方来储存；其二，罐头食品得小心处理。
Language Point 29
The human cloning situations that experts consider most frequently fall into two broad categories... (Para. 5)
Meaning: There are two main types of human cloning situations that experts often take into their consideration…
Language Point 30
The human cloning situations that experts consider most frequently fall into two broad categories … (Para. 5)
fall into: be divided into; belong to
These books fall into three classes. 这些书分成三类。
This book falls into the class of modern fiction. 这本书属于现代小说一类。
Language Point 31
The human cloning situations that experts consider most frequently fall into two broad categories … (Para. 5)
category: n. a type, or a group of things having some features that are the same
These car models can fall into three categories. 这些汽车模型可分为三类。
These books are divided into six categories according to subject. 这些书按科目分成6类。
Language Point 32
…either to provide transplants for a dying child… (Para. 5)
transplant: n.
1) an organ or plant moved from one person or one place to another
The transplant was accepted by the body. 移植器官被身体接受了。
2) the act or process of transplanting
a heart transplant 心脏移植
a kidney transplant 肾脏移植
a liver transplant operation 肝脏移植手术
v.
1) move (a plant) from one place and plant it in another
Tea was transplanted from China to India and Sri Lanka. 茶树是从中国移种到印度和斯里兰卡的。
We transplanted the rosebush into the back garden. 我们把那丛玫瑰移植到后花园。
2) move (an organ) from one part of the body to another or from one person or animal to another
Doctors transplanted a monkey's heart into a two-year-old child. 医生们将一颗猴子的心脏移植到一个两岁的孩子身上。
His face was badly burned and he had to have skin transplanted. 他的脸受到严重烧伤，不得不请医生植皮。
3) move from one place and settle or establish elsewhere
Adults are not flexible, so they do not transplant comfortably to another place. 成年人适应性差，所以移居别处会感到不舒服。
The entire business — factories, offices and warehouse — was transplanted to Texas. 整个企业——工厂，办公室和仓库——都迁到了得克萨斯州。
Language Point 33
Perhaps, if the body is fresh, says one expert. (Para. 7)
Meaning: Perhaps it's possible to clone the dead if the body is fresh, says one expert.
Language Point 34
The cloning method used by Wilmut's lab requires combining an egg cell with the nucleus of a cell containing the DNA of the person to be cloned. (Para. 7)
Meaning: The cloning method that Wilmut and his people used in his laboratory requires combining an egg cell with the nucleus of a cell that contains the DNA of the person to be cloned.
Language Point 35
The cloning method used by Wilmut's lab requires combining an egg cell with the nucleus of a cell containing the DNA of the person to be cloned. (Para. 7)
nucleus: n. (pl. nuclei)
1) the central part of a living cell
It turns out, however, that an egg with a replacement nucleus can, at least sometimes, develop normally. 然而, 结果却是具有替代细胞核的卵至少有时可以正常发育。
2) the central part of an atom
atomic nucleus原子核
3) the central part, around which other parts are grouped or collected
These 10,000 books will form the nucleus of the new school library. 这一万本书将构成该校新图书馆藏书的基础。
These young people formed the nucleus of the club. 这些年轻人形成了俱乐部的核心。
Language Point 36
DNA is a very long, ribbon-like molecule that contains our genetic information. (Para. 7)
Meaning: DNA is a molecule that looks like a very long ribbon and that contains our genetic information.
Language Point 37
DNA is a very long, ribbon-like molecule that contains our genetic information.(Para. 7)
ribbon: n. a long narrow strip of material used to tie things together or as a decoration
Girls like hair ribbons while boys like neckties. 女孩喜欢扎头发的丝带而男孩喜欢领带。
There was a white ribbon in her black hair. 她的黑发中扎了一根白色的缎带。
Language Point 38
DNA is a very long, ribbon-like molecule that contains our genetic information.(Para. 7)
genetic: a. of genes
genetic code 遗传密码
genetic materials 遗传物质
genetic information 遗传信息
genetic engineering 遗传工程
The disease is caused by a genetic defect. 这种疾病的起因是基因缺陷。
Language Point 39
And that means that the nucleus must be intact. (Para. 7)
Here "that" refers to "combining an egg cell with the nucleus of a cell" mentioned in the previous sentence.
Language Point 40
And that means that the nucleus must be intact. (Para. 7)
intact: a. complete and in the original state
The church was destroyed in the bombing but the statue survived intact. 轰炸使教堂毁于一旦，但是塑像却安然无恙。
It's difficult to emerge from such a scandal with your reputation still intact. 经过这起丑闻后，依旧享有好名声是很难的了。
Language Point 41
Cells die and the cell nucleus begins to break apart after death. (Para. 7)
break apart: break in pieces without force being used; come apart
Tribes grow and become powerful under brave and successful leaders, and then shrink or break apart when their chieftain is eventually defeated or killed. 部落在勇敢有作为的领导人的带领下会发展壮大, 而当酋长最终被击败或杀死时, 部落就会萎缩乃至土崩瓦解。
Compare:
break off: (cause to) come apart from sth.
The wing of the plane broke off and the plane crashed. 飞机的一个机翼脱落，飞机坠毁了。
Mary broke off some of the chocolate to give to the children. 玛丽掰下几块巧克力给孩子们。
Language Point 42
But, yes, in theory at least it might be possible. (Para. 7)
Meaning: But, yes. It might be possible to clone the dead. At least, theoretically speaking, it might be so.
Language Point 43
But, yes, in theory at least it might be possible. (Para. 7)
in theory: as a general idea which may not be true in reality
In theory and in practice, human beings can be cloned. 从理论上和实践上说，人是可以被克隆的。
Your plan sounds fine in theory, but I don't know if it'll work in practice. 你的计划理论上不错，但我不知道实际上是否行得通。
Language Point 44
Would a cloned human be identical to the original? (Para. 8)
Meaning: Would a cloned human be exactly the same as the original?
Language Point 45
Would a cloned human be identical to the original? (Para. 8)
be identical to/ with: be exactly the same as
The tests are identical to those carried out last year. 这些考试和去年的考试相同。
His behavior is identical to betraying us. 他的行为等于把我们出卖了。
Language Point 46
Identical genes don't produce identical people, as anyone who knows a set of identical twins can tell you. (Para. 9)
gene: n. information in the form of a pattern of chemicals which is received by children from their parents
The illness is believed to be caused by a defective gene. 这病被认为是由基因缺陷引起的。
He said that toxic chemicals are having a seriously harmful effect on the human gene pool. 他说有毒化学物质对人类基因库有很严重的危害。
Language Point 47
Identical genes don't produce identical people, as anyone who knows a set of identical twins can tell you. (Para. 9)
Meaning: The same genes don't produce the same people. Anyone who knows some identical twins can tell you this.
Please note that here "as" is used as a relative pronoun, standing for the main clause "Identical genes don't produce identical people". The following are some more examples:
He is an Englishman, as (=which) I know from his accent. 他是一个英国人，这是我从他的口音听出来的。
Socialist construction in China is in full swing, as is known all over the world. 中国的社会主义建设正在全力进行，这是全世界所共知的。
He was late for school, as is often the case. 他又迟到了，他常常这样。
As anyone can see, they are very happy. 任何人都能看得出，他们很快乐。
As was usual with him, he went out for a walk after dinner. 像往常一样，他吃完饭出去散步了。
Language Point 48
Identical genes don't produce identical people, as anyone who knows a set of identical twins can tell you. (Para. 9)
a set of : a group of; a pair of
A set of us are going up to Beijing for the week. 我们中间有一批人要到北京去呆上一周。
Language Point 49
… are usually raised in the same family, and so forth. (Para. 9)
Meaning: … are brought up in the same family, and they also share many other things.
Language Point 50
… are usually raised in the same family, and so forth. (Para. 9)
and (so on and) so forth: (used at the end of a list to show that it continues in the same way) and other things of the kind that have already been mentioned
They sell pens, pencils, paper and so on and so forth. 他们出售钢笔、铅笔、纸张，等等。
My father sells old pictures, furniture, old clocks and watches, and so forth. 我父亲卖旧画、旧家具、旧钟表，等等。
Language Point 51
Parents could clone a second child who resembled their first in appearance, but all the evidence suggests the two would have very different personalities. (Para. 9)
Meaning: By cloning parents could have a second child who looked the same as the first one, but all the evidence shows that the two children would be different in quality and character.
Please note the past tense used to indicate the subjunctive mood.
Language Point 52
Parents could clone a second child who resembled their first in appearance, but all the evidence suggests the two would have very different personalities. (Para. 9)
resemble: vt. look or be alike; be similar, esp. in appearance to (sb./ sth.)
He was not beautiful; he did not resemble his mother. 他长得不好看，不像他母亲。
We have produced a cloth made of pineapple fibre, closely resembling cotton but stronger. 我们生产出了一块由菠萝纤维制成的衣料，很像棉布但质地更结实。
Language Point 53
Twins separated at birth do sometimes share personality characteristics, but such characteristics in a cloned son or daughter would only be reminders of the child who was lost. (Para. 9)
Meaning: Twins who are separated at the moment of birth do sometimes have similar personalities. However, a cloned son or daughter, having some personal characteristics identical to those of the lost one, would only make the miserable parents think more of their lost child.
Language Point 54
Even in terms of biology, a clone would not be identical to the "master copy". (Para. 10)
Meaning: Biologically speaking, a clone would not be an exact copy of the original, either.
Language Point 55
Even in terms of biology, a clone would not be identical to the "master copy".(Para. 10)
in terms of: from… point of view; with regard to; concerning
In terms of customer satisfaction, the policy cannot be criticized. 从顾客满意度这一点来看，这一方针无可指责。
In terms of the numbers in employment, the hotel industry was the second largest Swiss industry in 1929. 在1929年，就雇佣的人数来看，酒店业是瑞士第二大行业。
The work is not profitable in terms of cash, but I am getting valuable experience from it. 从钱的方面来说，这份工作并不是有利可图的，但我从中学到了有益的经验。
Language Point 56
The clone's cells, for example, would have energy-processing machinery that came from the egg, not from the person who was cloned. (Para. 10)
Meaning: For example, the clone's cells would have energy-processing mechanisms (i.e., mitochondria 线粒体) that came from the egg, not from the person who was cloned.
Language Point 57
But most of the physical differences between originals and copies are so minor that detection of them would require a sophisticated laboratory. (Para. 10)
Meaning: Since clones and their originals have very subtle differences in their bodies, we probably need an advanced laboratory to find the small differences between them.
Language Point 58
But most of the physical differences between originals and copies are so minorthat detection of them would require a sophisticated laboratory. (Para. 10)
minor: a. smaller or lesser in degree, size, number or importance when compared with other things of the same type
Correct the minor mistakes in the composition. 把作文中的小错误改一改。
He left most of his money to his sons; his daughter only received a minor share of his wealth. 他把绝大部分钱都留给了儿子们，而女儿只得到了很少的一部分。
The minor characters in the novel are not flat at all. 这部小说中的小人物也并不肤浅。
He was a minor poet of the sixteen century — you probably won't have heard of him. 他是16世纪一位名不见经传的诗人，你也许没有听说过。
n. a person who is below the age at which he or she becomes an adult legally
They can't serve drinks to minors. 他们不能将烈性酒卖给未成年人。
In Britain you are a minor until you are eighteen. 在英国，你不满18岁就是未成年人。
Language Point 59
But most of the physical differences between originals and copies are so minor that detection of them would require a sophisticated laboratory. (Para. 10)
detection: n. discovery
He tried to escape detection by disguising himself as an old man. 他打扮成一位老者以图不被发现。
The detection of crime is not always easy. 侦察案件并非那么容易。
The city worker won praise for his detection of a break in a water pipe. 这位市政工人因发现水管漏水而受到表扬。
Language Point 60
The one possible exception is bearing children. (Para. 10)
Meaning: One possible major difference between the original and the clone lies in their ability to have children.
Language Point 61
They will try to find out once she's old enough to breed. (Para. 10)
Meaning: Wilmut and his coworkers will try to find out if Dolly can give birth to lambs when she is old enough.
Language Point 62
They will try to find out once she's old enough to breed. (Para. 10)
breed: vi. (of animals) produce young
Frogs will usually breed in any convenient pond. 青蛙在任何条件适宜的池塘里都能繁殖。
Thousands of waterfowl breed round the lake. 成千上万的水鸟在湖边繁衍后代。
vt. keep (animals or plants) for the purpose of producing young animals or plants
They've bred a new variety of rose with larger flowers. 他们栽培了能开大花朵的新品种玫瑰。
Only the Chinese have successfully bred pandas and raised their babies in captivity. 只有中国人成功地进行了人工繁殖和哺育大熊猫。
n. a particular type of animal or plant
They also cultivate fine breeds of silkworms. 他们也培育出了桑蚕的良种。
They belong to different breeds of sheep. 它们属于不同品种的羊。
Language Point 63
What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs? (Para. 11)
Meaning: What would happen if parents decided to clone a child in order to have organs?
What if … : What would happen if …
What if we go and see a film tomorrow night? 明天晚上我们去看电影怎么样？
What if you go instead of me? 如果你代替我去会怎么样？
I sat till lunchtime thinking, " What if he doesn't come back?" 我一直坐到吃午饭的时候，心里想着，"要是他不回来怎么办？"
Language Point 64
What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs? (Para. 11)
organ: n.
1) a part of the body of an animal or plant which performs a particular job
the organs of speech 发音器官
She was in a critical condition after the heart transplant operation when her body rejected the organ. 心脏移植手术后她的身体排斥移入的器官，她处于危险之中。
The liver is a vital organ of the human body. 肝脏是人体的重要器官。
2) a musical instrument
When going for an outing, our monitor always brings with him a portable organ. 出去郊游时，我们班长总是带上风琴。
She played a beautiful tune on the organ. 她用风琴弹奏了一首动听的曲子。
3) an organization, usu. official, that has a special purpose
A court is one of the chief organs of government. 法院是重要政府机构之一。
Language Point 65
Most experts agree that it would be psychologically harmful if a child sensed he had been brought into the world simply as an organ donor. (Para. 12)
Meaning: Most experts agree that if a child got the impression that he had been born simply to give an organ to another child, it would have harmful effects on his mind.
Language Point 66
Most experts agree that it would be psychologically harmful if a child sensed he had been brought into the world simply as an organ donor. (Para. 12)
bring into the world: give birth to
My grandmother brought six children into the world. 我的祖母生了6个孩子。
Language Point 67
Most experts agree that it would be psychologically harmful if a child sensed he had been brought into the world simply as an organ donor. (Para. 12)
donor: n.
1) a person who provides blood or organs
a blood donor 捐血者
a kidney donor 捐肾者
2) a person who gives sth.
An anonymous American donor has contributed $10 million to the charity. 一位美国匿名捐献者向该慈善机构捐献了1,000万美元。
Language Point 68
But some parents already produce second children with nonfatal transplants in mind, and many experts do not oppose this. (Para. 12)
Meaning: However, some parents already bear second children just for the purpose of transplanting organs, and many experts do not object to this.
Language Point 69
But some parents already produce second children with nonfatal transplants in mind, and many experts do not oppose this. (Para. 12)
with sth. in mind: with sth. as one's aim or as the reason or basis for one's action
He was no longer a young man. With this in mind he slowed down the car. 他已经不再是个年轻人了。考虑到这一点，他放慢了车速。
Language Point 70
But some parents already produce second children with nonfatal transplants in mind, and many experts do not oppose this. (Para. 12)
fatal: a. very serious and having an important bad effect in the future or (of illness, accidents, etc.) causing death
It was a fatal accident — both drivers were killed. 这是一宗恶性事故 —— 两个司机都死了。
One of the most difficult tasks for a doctor is telling a patient that he has a fatal disease. 作为一名医生，最为难的事情之一就是告诉病人他得了不治之症。
Without immediate treatment, the fever may prove fatal. 要是不马上治疗的话，发烧会危及到生命。
He took the fatal decision to marry Martha. 他做出了致命的错误决定，就是娶玛莎。
nonfatal: a. not fatal
The mistake is nonfatal. 这错误并非是致命的。
Language Point 71
Cloning would increase the chances for a tissue match from 25 percent to nearly 100 percent. (Para. 12)
Meaning: Through cloning the chances for successfully replacing tissues with the matched ones would increase from 25 percent to nearly 100 percent.
Language Point 72
Cloning would increase the chances for a tissue match from 25 percent to nearly 100 percent. (Para. 12)
tissue: n.
1) a group of connected cells in an animal or plant that are similar to each other
Radiation can destroy the body's tissues. 辐射能破坏身体组织。
The tissues of a plant or an animal are the masses of cells and cell products. 植物或动物组织是指构成该植物或动物的细胞和细胞产物的群体。
The body is made up of various tissues such as muscle tissue and nerve tissue. 人体由各种组织构成，如肌肉组织、神经组织等。
2) thin light paper
There was a box of tissue on the table. 桌子上有一盒纸巾。
He used a piece of tissue to clean his sunglasses. 他用一张纸巾擦太阳镜。
Language Point 73
If cloned animals could be used as organ donors, we wouldn't have to worry about cloning twins for transplants. (Para. 13)
Meaning: If it were possible for us to use cloned animals as organ donors, then we wouldn't have to worry about cloning twins for the purpose of transplanting organs.
Language Point 74
Pigs, for example, have organs similar in size to humans'. (Para. 13)
Meaning: For example, pigs have organs which are as big as human organs.
Language Point 75
To get around that, one company is trying to alter the pig's genetic code to prevent pig organs from being attacked. (Para. 13)
Meaning: In order to find a satisfactory way of using cloned animals as organ donors, one company is trying to change the pig's genetic code to prevent pig's organs from being rejected by the human body system.
Language Point 76
To get around that, one company is trying to alter the pig's genetic code to prevent pig organs from being attacked. (Para. 13)
get around / round: overcome; avoid or find a satisfactory way of dealing with
The administration got around this problem by introducing a new law. 为了解决这个问题，政府制定了一条新的法令。
If we can get round these difficulties, we'll be able to discuss the really important points. 如果这些困难被克服了的话，我们就可以讨论真正重要的问题了。
Language Point 77
…one company is trying to alter the pig's genetic code to prevent pig organs from being attacked. (Para. 13)
code: n.
1) a system of words, letters or signs which is used to represent a message
Clever criminals can find ways to break computer codes and transfer millions of dollars to their accounts. 聪明的罪犯能够找到破译计算机密码的方法，从而把成千上万美元转移到他们自己的账户上。
2) a set of rules which are accepted as general principles stating how people should behave
a code of practice 专业守则
the Highway Code 公路法则
a civil / criminal code 民法 / 刑法法典
From next September, private clinics will be subject to a new code of conduct and stronger controls by local authorities. 从明年9月起，私立医院将遵守新的行为规范，受到地方当局更有力的管理。
vt. translate (a message) into a code; encode
Product orders should be coded according to where they will be shipped. 产品定单应按产品发往地编码。
Language Point 78
If the company's technicians succeed, it may be more efficient to produce such pigs by cloning than by current methods. (Para. 13)
Meaning: If the company's technicians succeed in doing so (that is, altering the pig's genetic code to prevent pig organs from being attacked), then it may be more efficient to produce pigs for medical uses by cloning than by current methods.
Language Point 79
How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA? (Para. 14)
Meaning: How would a human clone call / address the donor of its DNA?
Language Point 80
How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA? (Para. 14)
refer to:
1) use a particular word, expression, or name to mention or describe sb. / sth.
The scientists referred to the discovery as the most exciting new development in this field. 科学家把这一发现称为这一领域里最令人激动的进展。
The professor referred to him as a graduate student with a bright future. 教授称他是一位很有前途的研究生。
Please note in this sense the phrase is often followed by "as".
2) talk about a particular subject or person
In her autobiography she often refers to her unhappy schooldays. 在她的自传中，她常常提到她不愉快的在校生活。
The minister referred to the importance to the nation of the increased exports. 部长提及增加出口对于国家的重要性。
3) go to sb. / sth. or look at sth. for information
She spoke for an hour without once referring to her notes. 她讲了一小时，一次都没看笔记。
If you refer to the dictionary, you will easily find the meaning of the word. 如果你查一下词典，很容易就可以找到这个词的含义。
4) direct sb. / sth. to sb. / sth. for help or to be dealt with
The shop referred the complaints to the makers of the articles. 商店把顾客的投诉转交给生产该商品的厂家。
The local court has referred the case to the High Court. 地方法院把此案提交给高等法院审理。
Language Point 81
Judith Martin, in her writings under the name of "Miss Manners", suggests the phrase, "Most honored sir or madam". (Para. 15)
Meaning: In her writings that use "Miss Manners" as her pen name, Judith Martin suggests referring to those DNA donors as "Most respected sir or madam".
Language Point 82
Judith Martin, in her writings under the name of "Miss Manners", suggests the phrase, "Most honored sir or madam". (Para. 15)
under the name of: using a name different from one's own
I've come to collect my tickets—I reserved them by phone yesterday under the name of Tremin. 我来拿我的票——昨天我打电话以德莱明的名字预订的。
Compare:
1) in the name of sth.: for the sake of
They acted in the name of democracy. 他们以民主的名义行事。
2) in the name of sb.: representing a certain group of people
Could you write a letter in the name of all the young people in the village? 你可不可以代表村里所有的年轻人写一封信呢？
Language Point 83
Judith Martin, in her writings under the name of "Miss Manners", suggests the phrase, "Most honored sir or madam". (Para. 15)
phrase: n. a group of words which contains an idea
The phrase "a war to end war" became current. "用战争来结束战争"这个说法变得很流行。
He spoke in simple phrase, so that the children understood him. 他用简单的话语来表达，以便让孩子们都能听懂。
vt. express or say sth. in a particular way
Let me phrase it this way: Your services are no longer needed at this company. 让我这么说吧：公司不再需要你了。
The last paragraph is ambiguously phrased. 最后一段表达得不明确。
Language Point 84
"One should always respect one's ancestors," she says, "regardless of what they did to bring one into the world." (Para. 15)
Meaning: She says, "one should always respect their ancestors no matter how they bore the child."
Language Point 85
"One should always respect one's ancestors," she says, "regardless of what they did to bring one into the world." (Para. 15)
regardless of: paying no attention to
He bought everything he liked regardless of price. 不管价钱高低，他喜欢什么就买什么。
Everybody will receive the same, regardless of how long they've worked here. 不管在这儿干了多久，每个人得到的都一样。
Language Point 86
That still leaves some confusion over vocabulary. (Para. 16)
Meaning: Judith Martin's suggestion still leaves people confused about how to use proper words to address the cloning-produced relationship.
Here "that" refers to Judith Martin's suggestion.
Language Point 87
That still leaves some confusion over vocabulary. (Para. 16)
confusion: n.
1) the state of being mixed up or mistaken
There was some confusion as to whether we had won or lost. 关于我们是赢了还是输了，人们众说纷纭。
The news that the Managing Director was to resign threw the company's future into confusion. 主管人员要辞职的消息使公司的未来一下子变得不可预料了。
2) the act of confusing; mixing up
We've got three people called Paul James working for us, so it often causes confusion. 我们有三个叫保罗•詹姆斯的雇员，因而经常引起混淆。
3) a state of great disorder
In the confusion, I lost my shoe and wasn't able to stop and pick it up. 混乱中，我丢了鞋子，而且无法停下来捡。
There was a terrible confusion as everyone struggled madly in the dark towards the exit. 黑暗中，每个人都拼命朝出口挤，乱成一团。
Language Point 88
The editorial director of one dictionary says that the noun "clonee" may sound like a good term, but it's not clear enough. (Para. 16)
Meaning: The director who is in charge of editing one dictionary says that the noun "clonee" may sound good, but its meaning is difficult to define.
Language Point 89
The editorial director of one dictionary says that the noun "clonee" may sound like a good term, but it's not clear enough. (Para. 16)
editorial: a. of an editor
an editorial staff 编辑部全体人员
She's made a lot of editorial changes on their book. 她在他们的书上做了许多编辑上的修改。
I went to the editorial board meetings when I had the time. 我有空就参加编委会。
n. an article in a newspaper which expresses the editor's opinion on a subject
In an editorial, The Independent suggests the victory could turn nasty. 《独立报》在一篇社论中暗示，这胜利最终可能并非好事。
Today's editorial criticizes the mayor for city's crime problems. 今天的社论就城市犯罪问题批评了市长。
Language Point 90
The gravest concern isn't really cloning itself, but genetic engineering — the deliberate altering of genes to create human beings according to certain requirements. (Para. 18)
Meaning: The most serious concern isn't really cloning itself, but genetic engineering — the purposeful change of genes to create human beings according to certain requirements.
Language Point 91
…the deliberate altering of genes to create human beings according to certain requirements. (Para. 18)
deliberate: a.
1) planned
The group decided to commit several acts of deliberate violence. 这伙人打算制造几起蓄意暴力事件。
The car crash wasn't an accident; it was a deliberate attempt to kill him. 这次撞车并不是什么意外事故，而是有人要蓄意谋害他。
2) moving, acting or thinking slowly and usu. carefully
We made a deliberate decision to live apart for a while. 我们作出了一个慎重的决定，打算分居一段时间。
Her way of talking is slow and deliberate. 她说起话来缓慢而谨慎。
v. think or talk seriously and carefully about
The Senate has been deliberating the question for three days. 三天来参议院一直在仔细斟酌这个问题。
They met to deliberate on possible solutions to the problem. 他们开会仔细研讨解决问题的办法。
Language Point 92
Specifically, some experts are concerned about the creation of a new (and disrespected) social class: "the clones". (Para. 18)
Meaning: To be specific, some experts worry about the creation of a new social class (which is looked down upon by society): "the clones".
Language Point 93
Specifically, some experts are concerned about the creation of a new (and disrespected) social class: "the clones". (Para. 18)
specifically: ad.
1) clearly
The police specifically told you to avoid the main road, so why are you on it? 警察明确地告诉你不要走大道，可你为什么要走呢？
It specifically said on the label that the jacket should be dry-cleaned. 标签上明确说了这件夹克衫应该干洗。
2) particularly
These are the houses specifically designed for old people. 这些是专门为老年人设计的房子。
We don't know who specifically was to blame for what happened, but we know which group of boys was involved. 我们不知道谁应该为所发生的事受到特别的谴责，但我们知道哪一伙男孩与此有关。
Language Point 94
Specifically, some experts are concerned about the creation of a new (and disrespected) social class: "the clones". (Para. 18)
be concerned about / over: give one's attention to or worry about
Why are you so concerned about the boy's safety? 你为什么那么关心那男孩的安全？
He has never been very concerned about what other people think of him. 他从来不在乎别人怎么看他。
The children's mother was very concerned about their safety when they didn't come back from school at the usual time. 孩子们没有在通常的时间放学回家，母亲很为他们的安全担心。
Language Point 95
One expert believes the situation could be comparable to what occurred in the 16th century, when Europeans puzzled over how to classify the unfamiliar inhabitants of the Americas, and endlessly debated whether or not they were humans. (Para. 18)
Meaning: One expert believes that the cloning issue reminds us of what happenedn in the 16th century, when Europeans thought hard about how to classify the native people in the Americas because they were not familiar with them, and held endless debates about whether or not they were human beings.
the Americas: America is the continent containing North, South, and Central America. In former times this continent was also known as the Americas.
Language Point 96
…when Europeans puzzled over how to classify the unfamiliar inhabitants of the Americas,... (Para. 18)
puzzle over: think hard about; find the answer by thinking hard
Why waste effort puzzling over his intentions? If you don't like his idea, don't accept it. 你何必费力气去猜他的意图呢？如果你不喜欢他的主意，不接受就是了。
Henry puzzled over the figures for hours without making head or tail of it. 这些数字亨利苦苦地算了好几个钟头，还是摸不着头脑。
Language Point 97
One expert believes the situation could be comparable to what occurred in the 16th century,… (Para. 18)
comparable: a. able or suitable to be compared
A comparable car would cost far more abroad. 类似的汽车在国外要贵得多。
Compare:
comparative: a. compared with sth. else or with what is usual or normal
He had problems with the written exam but passed the practical exam with comparative ease. 他笔试成绩不太好，但实践考试顺利过关。
After a lifetime of poverty, his last few years were spent in comparative comfort. 他贫困一生，最后几年里生活相对来说比较宽裕。
be comparable to / with: be similar in size, number, quality, etc. so that a comparison is possible
A heart is comparable with a pump. 心脏类似水泵。
Farmers were meant to get an income comparable to that of town people. 务农者应得到与城里人相当的收入。
Language Point 98
…how to classify the unfamiliar inhabitants…(Para. 18)
classify: vt. divide things into groups according to type
Would you classify this book as sociology or politics? 你会把这本书归入社会学类还是政治学类？
If you look in the classified part of the telephone book, you'll find plenty of hotels.在电话簿的分类栏里，你可以找到许多旅馆。
Language Point 99
…and endlessly debated whether or not they were humans. (Para. 18)
debate: v. discuss seriously on a subject with many people taking part
The authorities debated whether to build a new car park. 当局就是否要建一个新的停车场展开辩论。
The United Nations Security Council will debate the issue today. 联合国安理会今天将讨论这个问题。
n. serious discussion of a subject in which many people take part
a debate in Parliament on educational reform 国会就教育改革进行的辩论
There's been a lot of debate about the cause of acid rain. 关于酸雨形成的原因已经讨论了很多了。
Education is the current focus of public debate. 教育是当今公众议论的焦点。
Language Point 100
The list of questions could go on; …(Para. 19)
Meaning: With the development of cloning, there will be more relevant questions waiting to be answered;…
Language Point 101
The list of questions could go on; …(Para. 19)
go on: continue, esp. for a long time
The discussion went on for another four hours before agreement was reached. 讨论又进行了4个小时，才最终达成了一致意见。
The applause went on for ten minutes after Pavarotti left the stage. 观众的掌声在帕瓦罗蒂离开舞台后持续了10分钟。
Language Point 102
…people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning. (Para. 19)
wonder about: be curious about; ask oneself questions about
I have been wondering about Jack's health recently. 我一直想知道杰克最近的身体状况。