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8.1 名词的数

第一节 名词的数

一、可数名词
(一)可数名词有单复数之分。在句中,名词的单数形式前边要有冠词或表示单数的限定词,否则就要用其复数形式。名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾s、es,或将y改为i再加es

  1. Thomas Jefferson skillfully [A] organized his [B] supporter [C] in Congress into a strong [D] political group.
  2. Fireworks(鞭炮), which [A] originated [B] century ago [C] in China, were brought [D] to Europe by Marco Polo.
  3. Encyclopedias may be used to answer question [A] , to solve [B] problems, or to obtain [C] information [D] on a particular topic.

    但如果名词前边有表示单数的冠词或表示单数的限定词,就不能用其复数形式

  4. The aurora(天文学的"极光") is a common features [A] of the planet Earth and appears [B] along [C] two oval(椭圆形) belts called [D] the auroral ovals.

(二)有少数名词的复数形式是不规则的,child→children, man→men, woman→women, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese, mouse→mice, ox→oxen

  1. Sarah and Angelina Grimke were among [A] the first womans [B] to lecture [C] in public [D] in the United States.
  2. In [A] the United States, inches and feets [B] are still [C] used as [D] units of measurement.

(三)英语里还有些名词的单复数变化较为特殊,需特别注意

    analysis→analyses, bacterium→bacteria, basis→bases, crisis→crises, criterion→criteria, datum→data, formula→formulae(或formulas), fungus→fungi, phenomenon→phenomena,syllabus→syllabi, thesis→theses

(四)有些名词的单复数是一样的:aircraft, spacecraft, Chinese, deer, fish, Japanese, means, series, species等。
(五)如果前边有表示复数的限定词时名词用其复数形式

  1. Synthetic(人造的) [A] rubbers and many kind [B] of plastics are manufactured [C] in soap solution(溶液) [D] .
  2. Female bears usually [A] give birth to [B] two or three cub(幼仔) [C] every [D] two years.
  3. The first person believed to have used [A] a series of photograph [B] to produce [C] an illusion of [D] movement was Coleman Sellers.

(六)在形容词最高级中,表示范围的of后要用名词复数形式

  1. The short story [A] may be [B] the most [C] flexible of all form [D] of fiction.
  2. Rudolph Nureyev has become [A] one of the greatest [B] dancer [C] that the ballet world has ever known [D] .

(七)有些集体名词在形式上是单数如people(人民,人们),police(警察),cattle(牲畜),staff(全体人员,全体职员),但它们表达复数的含意。如果这些词做主语,其谓语须用复数形式(见"第十二章,第二节,二"的"2.")
(八)hair和fruit一般情况下用单数,表示总体

  1. human [A] hairs [B] for two years before [C] he came [D] to New York.

    但如果我们要表示若干根头发或几种水果时,就要用这两个词的复数形式
    He bought apples, oranges and other fruits. ("fruits"在此处意为"多种水果")
    另外还要注意:police和cattle的谓语形式总是用复数形式。

(九)名词做定语时,不能用作复数

  1. Not until the tenth serious accident [A] occurred at [B] the busy intersectiondid the Highways Department [C] agree to install [D] the fourway stop sign.
  2. The Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. supplies [A] official times [B] signals for regulating [C] clocks throughout [D] the United States.

二、不可数名词
(一)不可数名词为物质名词和抽象名词,如information, proverty, advice, anger, applause, baggage, cake, chalk, chocolate, cloth(布), bread, damage(损害), equipment, fruit, furniture, gold, information, ink, jewellery, luggage, mail(邮件), money, news, paper, protection, soap, sugar, weaponry, machinery, scenery, personnel, work等

  1. Langston Hughes always seemed to know exactly who [A] he was, and those knowledges [B] helped make him [C] one of the most respected [D] writers in the United States.
  2. It is very kind of [A] you to supply me with [B] so many [C] informations [D] . (80年考题)

    注:不可数名词可以与表示量的可数名词连用,借以表示"可数"的概念,我们可以加 a(n) piece [sheet(张), suit(套), tube(管), packet(包), item(条,则), bar(条), basket(篮子), glass(杯),bunch(束), pair(双,对), bowl(碗), portion(份), herd(群), series(系列), shower(阵) etc. ],如:a piece of advice(一条建议) /a basket of fruit(一篮水果) /an item of information (一则信息)/a kind of protection(一种保护)等。

(二)有些抽象名词的意思可以转变成为具体名词,这时要用其复数形式

  1. One of [A] Mark Twain's most [B] startling(惊人的) and [C] sarcastic(讽刺的) work is [D] "Letters from the Earth".

    The insurance company paid $10000 in damages for the accident. ("damage"本来为不可数名词"损害",变复数后意思是"损失赔偿费"。)
    单复数含义不同的名词还有:communication(通讯)--communications(通讯系统,通讯工具);cloth(布)--clothes(衣服);content(内容)--contents(目录);convenience(便利)--conveniences(便利设备);humanity(人类)--humanities(人文科学);necessity(需要)--necessities(必需品);pain(疼痛)--pains(辛劳);ruin(毁灭)--ruins(废墟,遗迹);sand(沙子)--sands(沙地,沙滩);wood(木材)--woods(树林);work(工作)--works(工厂,著作)。
    另外,有些名词通常只用复数形式,如:fundamentals(基本原则),goods(货物), means(方法), rapids(急流),shorts(短裤), sweets(欢乐), valuables (贵重物品)。

三、例题解析

  1. 1) C错。应改为supporters(支持者)。
  2. C错。改为centuries ago。
  3. A错。question(问题)是可数名词,应改用复数形式questions。
  4. A错。改为feature。
  5. B错。改为women。
  6. B错。改为feet。
  7. B错。 改为kinds。
  8. C错。 改为cubs。
  9. B错。 photograph是可数名词,其前面的修饰语为"a series of "(一系列),故应改用复数形式photographs.
  10. D错。改为forms。
  11. C错。 改为dancers。
  12. B错。 改为hair。
  13. C错。 改为the Highway Department。
  14. B错。改为time。time是名词修饰另一名词signals(信号),故应用单数。
  15. B错。改为this knowledge。
  16. D错。改为items (pieces) of information。
  17. D错。改为works(著作,作品) is。