八、-ING的完成时、被动语态与否定形式
(一)如果-ING分词表示的是一般性动作，(即不指明是现在、过去或将来)不表示动作的先后或与谓语所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生，这时要用-ING的一般形式
- Revolution means _____ the productive forces.
［A］ to liberate
［B］ to have liberated
［C］ liberating
［D］ having been liberated - It is a simple matter ［A］ to have found ［B］ the density of a gas ［C］ from its formula ［D］ .
(二)但如果-ING分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生，就要用"(not)having+-ED分词"表示完成时
- _____ by the journey, he went to bed immediately after he came back home.
［A］ Being exhausted
［B］ To have exhausted
［C］ Having exhausted
［D］ Having been exhausted - _____ with an accedent, he arrived at the station ten minutes late.
［A］ Having met
［B］ To have met
［C］ Meeting
［D］ Having been met
(三) 当非限定性动词-ING的逻辑主语是-ING所表示的动作对象时要用-ING的被动形式，包括其一般形式"(not)being + -ED分词和完成形式"(not)having been +-ED分词"
- Solids, liquids, and gases at rest all have a tendency to resist _____ in motion.
［A］ setting
［B］ to set
［C］ being set
［D］ to be set - Upon questioning ［A］ he denied having killed ［B］ the old woman with ［C］ the home-made ［D］ gun.
(四)-ING的否定形式是把not加在-ING的前边
- _____ of the change in the meeting time, Mike arrived late.
［A］ Not having notified
［B］ Not notifying
［C］ Not to notify
［D］ Not having been notified - I regret _____ hard at school.
［A］ not to have worked
［B］ not having worked
［C］ not have worked
［D］ having not worked