第四节 结论题
结论题不同于客观事实题，也有别于暗指题，而与推理题在解题思路与方法上有许多相似之处。结论题偏重于归纳过程；推理题偏重于推理过程。结论题题型常用语主要以动词conclude及其与相对应的名词conclusion有关的各种语句。第一节中列举的11~14条试题用语是本类题型中较常见的形式。
解结论题时，一定要根据题目要求就短文的有关内容范围作出合乎逻辑的可靠的结论，有时为了克服片面性可扩大阅读范围，否则获取信息的范围太窄。既要以事实为依据，也要依据自己的常识和经验；既要重视文章主题，也要重视发展主题的细节；而尤为重要的是把握住作者的写作意图。
解结论题时必须注意：
1.首先判断是结论题还是推理题；
2.了解全文，把握主题；
3.通过主题与细节的关系进行合乎理性的归纳；
4.把握作者的观点态度及写作意图。
例1.(1995年考题第4篇66题)
Personality is to a large extent inherent--Atype parents usually bring about Atype offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the `win at all costs' moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a twolayer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: `Rejoice, we conquer!'
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all a youngsters change into B's. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values, Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock, B's are important and should be encouraged.
From the passage we can draw the conclusion that _____ .
［A］ the personality of a child is well established at birth
［B］ family influence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics
［C］ the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors
［D］ Btype characteristics can find no place in a competitive society
本题要求考生就短文得出一个结论，这就要求考生首先了解全文、把握主题，进而得出合乎理性的结论。本文的主题在第一段，指出个性在很大程度上是天生的，但环境对它也有深刻影响。从接下来的几段中，我们不难看出本文主要谈论了学校教育对学生性格形成的影响。纵观全文我们知道性格的发展是先天、环境等多种因素影响的，故选择C项是该题的正确答案。
A、B两种说法都是片面的，前者过分强调遗传因素；而后者又偏重环境因素；D的内容是："在高度竞争的社会中，B型性格的人不需要"，文章尾段尾句"...，B's are important and should be encouraged"恰好否定了D的正确性。
例2.(1992年考题第3篇45题)
Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourages international brotherhood. Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests. One country received its secondplace medals with visible indignation after the hockey (曲棍球) final. There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match, the losers objecting to the final decisions. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents' victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said: "This wasn't hockey. Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished". The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years.
The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won, by a single point, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals.
Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or in nonnational teams, might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.
What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
［A］ The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved.
［B］ Athletes should compete as individuals in the Olympic Games.
［C］ Sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game.
［D］ International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations.
文章的结论表达在最后一段，尤其是该段的最后一句"But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism"(在奥运会目前的组织中，有太多鼓励侵略性爱国主义的东西)。解结论题要求考生把握作者的观点、态度及写作意图。从这一段的描述中不难看出，作者认为，问题出在目前奥运会的组织方式上。因而正确答案是A项。
B项所提供的实为作者否定的观点(请参阅尾段第二句)；C项是作者所反对的观点(参阅尾段首句)；D项的内容是："国际比赛应对国家之间所产生的误解负责"，根据作者的观点，国际比赛本身是好的，所要改进的只是其组织方式，以便使之更有利于国家间的友谊。因此，D项也不是正确的结论。