第三节 推 理 题
推理题既有别于客观事实题，又有别于暗指题。推理必须以事实为依据，但得出来的结果又绝对不是事实本身。推理题与暗指题虽然有许多相似之处，如解题的难度、思路与方法等，但它更侧重于推理。第一节中列举的4~10条试题用语仅是本类题型中较为常见的形式。解推理题时，一定要严格遵循逻辑规律，这类题主要测试考生的思维判断能力。解题的方法是把握住推理范围--大到段落或全文，小到词语或句子；提倡"以事实为依据"，但又不能"就事论事"。
解推理题时必须注意：
1.首先判断是暗指题还是推理题；
2.把握推理题范围；
3.利用相关部分提供的事实、背景知识和常识；
4.保持正确的思维过程和严密的逻辑性。
例1.(1996年考题第5篇69题)
Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism / evolution are in the publisher's pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, Geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened "Scientific" creationism, which is being pushed by some for "equal time" in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard "scientific" creationism as bad science and bad religion.
The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.
Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says:"This book stands for reason itself."And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism / evolution debate.
From the passage we can infer that _____ .
［A］ reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate
［B］ creationists do not base their argument on reasoning
［C］ evolutionary theory is too difficult for nonspecialists
［D］ creationism is supported by scientific findings
该题可以利用排除法从短文的几个地方找到答案。首先第一段第四句"‘scientific'creationism,...is based on religion, not science"足以排除D项。第三段第二句"The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory"与C项相矛盾。短文最后两句说"‘This book stands for reason itself'And so it does--and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism / evolution debate"，这里用了虚拟的语气，言外之意"reasoning"没能解决创世说和进化论的争辩，因此A项(在这场争论中，推理起了决定性作用)也是错误的。通过这种排除法，答案只剩B项。如果进行检验依据仍旧在最后这两句中"这本书本身就代表理性，如果理性是创世纪理论与进化论之争的唯一裁判者，问题就容易解决了"，言外之意"创世纪主义论点不是建立在推理之上"，因此答案选D。
例2.(1995年考题第3篇61、62题)
Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machinereadable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.
In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable uptodate information to solve the daytoday problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed "Knowledge is power"may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
1. From the passage we can infer that _____ .
［A］ electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages
［B］ it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era
［C］ people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences
［D］ events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites
2. We can learn from the last paragraph that _____ .
［A］ it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible
［B］ people should make the best use of the information accessible
［C］ we should realize the importance of accumulating information
［D］ it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently
1题的解题依据在本文第四段第三句"Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages"，指出"随着电信事业的发展，通过电视、无线电并将在不久的将来通过电子邮件的方式所传递的信息数以千计地送到人们手中"。该句中的"bombard"与"multitudes of"都指"量大"，因此，A项"电子邮件不久将成为传递信息的主要手段"是我们推出的正确答案。B项本文未提及；也推不出C项的内容；尽管从本文我们得知人们可能会通过卫星进行现场报导，但是推不出"将来事件将主要(mainly)通过卫星予以现场报道"，故也排除D项。
2题的依据在短文尾段，作者指出："当今世界多变、复杂，信息对人至关重要。人们要学会利用准确、可靠、最新的信息来解决日常问题及他们工作和社会交往、家庭生活中的重大问题，只有这样的人才能生存、才能成功。‘知识就是力量'，获取信息是对所有人的最重要的要求"。从该段中我们得知D项"it is of vital important to acquire needed information efficiently"(有效地获取所需信息是至关重要的)为正确答案。而A项只强调信息的量；B项强调充分利用所获得的信息，而原文强调的是"需要"信息；C项强调应该意识到积累信息的重要性，这在该段中并未提及。
例3.(1994年考题第3篇62题)
......
"All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children - the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children - disabled or not - to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children _____ .
［A］ is now enjoying legal support
［B］ disagrees with the tradition of the country
［C］ was clearly stated by the country's founders
［D］ will exert great influence over court decisions
原文第四段第四句指出"Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children - disabled or not - to an appropriate education, and have ordered that..."，句中的"confirm"表示"批准"，两个谓语使用的都是现在完成时"have confirmed"和"have ordered"，因此可以判定对特殊儿童进行特殊教育已经获得法律上的认可与支持，故选择A。而B项表达的内容与第四段前三句所陈述的相反；C项的判断结果也站不住，尽管本段第三句已经指出："国家创建者们的人人平等这一思想也包含了儿童平等受教育的权利"，但这并不能表明他们已经明确地表达了对特殊儿童教育的关怀。D项也与事实不符。