第三节 排除式结构
在考研阅读理解题中，我们会经常遇到排除式题型，其形式要求考生排除短文的已知信息，找到短文未阐述的内容，这个未提及的内容就是该题的答案。
求解这类题型，可以采用这种阅读方式：
- 仔细阅读四个选项，牢记各个选项所述的不同内容，即：带着选项的内容去阅读短文。
- 只要在原文中遇到与选择项相同的信息，马上在这些信息下划线，以示作为排除的内容。
- 在排除了三项与原文有关的内容之后，所剩选择项即是正确答案，也就是说：所剩选择项的内容在原文中找不到相应信息。
例1(1996年专题第3篇63题)
The " shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.
According to the passage, all of the following are true except that _____ .
［A］ the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers
［B］ the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers
［C］ the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly
［D］ the trade unions seemed to play a positive role
该题为典型的细节题，属于正误选择，要求利用排除法。选项A的内容"股东不了解工人的需求"体现在原文的第一句"The sharehaders' as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company ......"。选项B的内容"公司的老板更了解自己的工人"在原文第二句"The paid manager ..., but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away。"(公司拿薪水的执行经理与工人和他们的需要有更直接的关系。但是，与现在正在消失的世袭制的旧家族企业的老板相比，很少有过去那种对工人的熟悉程度。)选项D的信息在原文第四句有所反映"......，the increasing power and organization of the trade unions ..., enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the menagers of the companies who employed them."(...，工会与日俱增的力量使工人们可以同他们的雇主平起平坐...)，从中可以得出：工会似乎起着"a positive role"。只有选项C"有限公司太大以至于很难运转"的信息在原文中未涉及，故这一未提到的信息是正确选项。
例2(1995年考题第1篇52题)
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.
In the passage, which of the following is NOT in the advantages of advertising?
［A］ Securing greater fame
［B］ Providing more jobs
［C］Enhancing living standards
［D］Reducing newspaper cost.
本段文章历数广告所带来的益处，而提问的问题却是：哪一项不在短文中所例举的广告所带来的益处之内。阅读原文我们知道：广告可以"raise standards of living";"ensures an increased need for labor";"lowers the costs of many services"。由此可以看出，选项B、C、D的内容都已在原文中表述出来，只有A项"取得更大的知名度"原文并未提到，这种内容是命题人编造的。这种命题人编造的内容或事实又恰恰是这种排除式题所要求解的正确答案。