第三节 名词从句
名词从句即语法功能相当于名词或名词短语的从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、主语从句
(一)由关系代词what、代词whatever或whoever代词引起的主语从句
- _____ concerned with is the measurement of angles and their relationships to each other.
[A] Trigonometry is
[B] That trigonometry is
[C] What is trigonometry
[D] What trigonometry is
但what有时在从句中也作定语,如:What little information he collected from it is not enough for us. 他从计算机上收集的那一点点信息不够我们用。
(二)由连词that引起的主语从句,谓语一般是系表结构,在大多数情况下,that从句由it做形式主语
- _____ has not attained a state of complete coherence is true.
[A] Cultural anthropology
[B] That cultural anthropology
[C] Anthropology that is cultural
[D] Since cultural anthropology - _____ for granted that any new lawn will need to be fertilized.
[A] Taking it
[B] Being taken
[C] Taking
[D] It should be taken - Today [A] it is generally recognized as [B] the primary function of the Federal Reserve System is to foster the flow of credit and money [C] that will eventually facilitate [D] a balance in international payments.
(三)由连接代词、连接副词及whether(是否) 引起的主语从句
- _____ some mammals came to live in the sea is not known.
[A] That
[B] Since
[C] Although
[D] How - _____ made the first United States flag is widely believed.
[A] When Besty Ross
[B] That Besty Ross
[C] Besty Ross
[D] Whether Besty Ross
(四)由于主语过长,更多的情况下用it代替主语从句,而把that引导的从句放到后边
It is a fact accepted by economists that technological...scarcities.("it"充当逻辑主语。)
二、宾语从句
(一)由连词that、疑问代词或副词(如how, why和where等)引出的宾语从句
- Almost all economists agree _____ by trading with one another.
[A] nations that are gained
[B] nations they gain
[C] gaining nations
[D] that nations gain - Like a magazine,a newspaper has a contents guide that indicates _____ located.
[A] where each feature is
[B] each of the feature is
[C] each feature where it is
[D] where is each feature
(二)介词后的宾语,其宾语可以是名词或代词,也可以是个句子,即宾语从句,也可以由"what"来引导
- The chief foods eaten in any country depends largely on _____ best in its climate and soil.
[A] it grows
[B] what grows
[C] does it grow
[D] what does it grow - When Europeans originally arrived in _____ El Paso,Texas,the area was inhabited by the Manso and Suma peoples.
[A] what is now
[B] now
[C] which now is
[D] now is
三、表语从句
- A logarithm(对数) is _____ in algebra as an exponent.
[A] known that
[C] what is known
[B] known what it is
[D] what it is known
四、同位语从句:由两个或两个以上同一层次语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,这种结构叫同位结构。名词词组,反身代词,不定代词或指示代词、ING分词、不定式和从句都可作同位语。用来作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。同位语从句主要由that引导,这时that从句表示它所修饰词的实际内容
(一)名词短语作主语的后置同位语
- George H.Gallup, _____ specialized in opinion polls and business surveys.
[A] whose statistician
[C] a statistician who
[B] a statistician
[D] as a statistician,he - Annie Jump Cannon, _____ discovered so many stars that she was called "the census taker of the sky".
[A] a leading astronomer who
[B] who,as a leading astronomer
[C] was a leading astronomer
[D] a leading astronomer - Thyme, _____ ,yields a medicinal oil containing thymol.
[A] a fragrant garden herb
[B] garden herb which is fragrant
[C] fragrant garden herb
[D] is an herb in a fragrant garden
(二)作主语前置同位语
- In sculpture _____ "modeling" denotes a way of shaping clay,wax,or other pliable materials.
[A] to the term
[B] is termed
[C] the term
[D] to term - _____ ,Vincente T. Ximenes spent many years as a government economist.
[A] Son of a small Texas farmer
[B] A small Texas farmer's son was
[C] His son was a small Texas farmer
[D] A small farmer in Texas whose son
(三)作宾语或表语的后置同位语
- An Olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards,approximately _____ from Marathon to Athens.
[A] the distance is
[B] that the distance is
[C] is that the distance
[D] the distance - In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a _____ to New York's rock'n'roll fans.
[A] new dance,the twist
[B] twist,was the new dance
[C] twist,the new dance that
[D] new dance is the twist
五、例题解析
- D对。句中已出现了谓语动词"is",这就决定了"is"前面为其主语,如主语中再有动词出现,便成了主语从句。A 不对。因为连续出现了两个动词"is",且其间又无连接词;B好像是"that"引导的主语从句(下面将提到) ,但由于介词"with"要求带宾语,而B 选项本身又无法解决这个问题("that"引导的主语从句中,"that"为连词,不可能去充当"with"的宾语) ,故B也应排除;C句的语序有误,因本句并非倒装句(句末为句号),因此没必要倒装;只有D为正确答案。"what"为代词,相当于"the thing which",这样"what"本身便可充当"with"的宾语。本句的汉语意思为"三角学所涉及的(对象) 是角的测量及角之间的关系"。因此,凡"what"带的从句中,"what"本身一定要充当从句中的成分,或宾语(含介词宾语) ,或主语。
- B对。本句有两个动词("has"和"is"),且中间并无等立连词分开,显然本句为一个名词从句作主语的句型,符合此条件的只有B,其中句首的"that"与"what"引导的主语从句的区别在于:"that"在句中不充当任何成分。本句更多的情况下是说成:"It is true that cultural...coherence."这样就由"it"充当逻辑主语,而真正的主语"that从句"放在了后面。
- D为正确答案。句首的"it"为逻辑主语,指代后面的"that从句",本句亦可说成"That any new...fertilized should be taken for granted"。
- B错。改为"that",理由见上例。
- D对。本句汉语意思是"某些哺乳类动物是如何到海中生存的仍是一个迷。"那么A 为什么不对呢?为什么不可理解为是"that"引导的主语从句呢?"that从句"作主语时是陈述性的句子,即为一个事实,因此句子的谓语也应与其呼应,即肯定性的论述;而由疑问代词、副词及whether引导的主语从句都为疑问性的句子,即不是肯定的结论,因此其谓语也应当是否定的或含疑问性质的论述。本句中的谓语为"is not known"(大家不知道) 即属于否定的和含疑问性质的论述,故应选D。
- B为正确答案。本句的谓语"is widely believed"(被广泛地认可) 为肯定性的论述,因此A和D选项不对。
- D对。"agree"(同意) 可以后面接"that"引导的宾语从句,但它不可直接跟名词作其宾语,如要接名词,需在名词前加介词"upon"、"on"或"with"。
- A对。"indicate"(显示) 为及物动词,它后面接了一个以"where"引导的宾语从句。由于本句为陈述句,故D 答案不对。
- B对。"what grows..."作介词"on"的宾语,其中"what"作从句的主语,相当于the thing which。
- A对。
- C对。本句系动词 "is"后需接表语,而C为由"what"引导的从句,可以充当其表语,故C 为正确答案。B 不对。因为"known"无论是形容词还是过去分词都不可再接"what"从句;D 中的"it"多余,因为它占据了从句中主语的位置,这样,从句中既不缺主语,也不缺宾语和表语,于是代词"what"便无所指,故只有C 为唯一正确答案。
- B对。空白处成分系进一步解释说明句子的主语,位于主语和谓语之间,且前后有逗号隔开,将同位语去掉原句仍完整,其功能相当于一个非限定性定语从句,即"who was a statistician"。
- D对。理由同上例。
- A对。"thyme"是一种植物名称,由于该词不常见,故后面用同位语进行说明。需要指出的是,B选项里如在"garden"前加上冠词"a"(因为herb为可数名词) ,那么B也同样正确。
- C为正确答案。"the term"(术语) 与其后"modeling"(用于雕刻的一种术语) 同位,即二者指的是同一事物。
- A对。"son"前省略了冠词"a",因为表示身份时,不定冠词可省略,空白处成分与后面的人名同指一人。
- D对。本句意思为"奥林匹克马拉松比赛长度为26英里385码,即大约从马拉松(地名) 到雅典的距离",逗号后面的成分是作为本句表示长度的表语同位语形式出现的,其作用是进一步解释前面的成分。
- A对。"the twist"(摇摆舞) 即是"a new dance"的同位语。全句意为"1961年,...将一种新式的舞,即摇摆舞,介绍给了纽约的摇滚舞迷们"。
