第一章 命题特点
一、在命题体裁上
近10年来的统计结果表明90%的体裁是说明文。
二、在形式上
短文为120～150字左右，一般从第二句开始每隔若干词(4～15不等)就抽掉一个词(或词组或短语)，从而形成一个空白处。要求考生根据对应题号的四个选项，补全语言信息。
三、在实质上
完形填空是以阅读为形式，以上下文为基础，以词法和句法为内容测试考生解决连接语言信息中断问题的能力。这里涉及到语篇的衔接和语义的连贯。
语篇的衔接体现在语篇的表层结构，其中语法手段与词汇手段是结构衔接手段的具体体现。
语义的连贯性体现在语篇的深层结构，即逻辑的内在联系。这是比较复杂的，有时语篇的连贯性取决于语篇的前提及作者与读者之间的共有知识(shared knowledge)。
四、 在选项上
- 考动词的(包括动词原形，ED分词和ING分词)， 平均每年有3道题。
- 考形容词的，平均每年有2.4个。
- 4个选项是连词的，平均每年有1.6个。
- 平均每年有1.4个是关于名词的。
- 关于介词的，平均每年有1.2个。
- 考代词的，平均每年有1个。
- 4个选项是副词的，平均每年有0.6个。
- 平均每年有0.4个是关于动词短语的。
- 平均每年有0.2个是关于介词短语的。
以上是近10年来的统计结果。这些统计的结果并不重要，重要的是如何进行答题。下面请大家标出每一道题所考的项目：是考词汇、词组、惯用法、语法还是逻辑联系等。
往年的试卷统计结果表明：这些被抽掉的词当中有：
试 题 一
The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is (41) the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of (42) breakdown in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words (43) a meeting of the minds of the speaker and the listener. The words used by the speaker may (44) unfavorable reactions in the listener (45) interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmissionreception system breaks down.
(46) , inaccurate or indefinite words may make (47) difficult for the listener to understand the (48) which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be (49) to explain or describe in a (50) that can be understood by his listener. (1994年考题)
41. ［A］ of ［B］ at ［C］ for ［D］ on 42. ［A］ inaccessible［B］ timely ［C］ likely ［D］ invalid 43. ［A］ encourages ［B］ prevents ［C］ destroys ［D］ offers 44. ［A］ pass out ［B］ take away［C］ back up ［D］ stir up 45. ［A］ who ［B］ as ［C］ which ［D］ what 46. ［A］ Moreover ［B］ However ［C］ Preliminarily［D］ Unexpectedly 47. ［A］ that ［B］ it ［C］ so ［D］ this 48. ［A］ speech ［B］ sense ［C］ message ［D］ meaning 49. ［A］ obscure ［B］ difficult［C］ impossible ［D］ unable 50. ［A］ case ［B］ means ［C］ method ［D］ way
【提示】
［41：(A) 固定用法］
［42：(C) 语义理解］
［43：(B) 句际关系：转折］
［44：(D) 与上句的关系］
［45：(C) 语法分析］
［46：(A) 语义联系＋词汇连接手段］
［47：(B) 固定、惯用法］
［48：(C) 同义词辨析＋语法(定语从句与被修饰词的关系，先行词在定语从句中作宾语，动词与宾语的搭配)］
［49：(D) 主谓搭配］
［50：(D) 词义＋固定用法＋语感］
试 题 二
Sleep is divided into periods of socalled REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of nonREM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all wellunderstood, but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of nonREM sleep is even more 43 . The new experiments, such as those 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 45 of nonREM sleep.
For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 47 examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood, 50 their immune systems - the selfprotecting mechanism against diseases - had crashed.(1995年考题)
41.［A］Either ［B］Neither ［C］Each ［D］Any 42.［A］intended ［B］required ［C］assumed ［D］inferred 43.［A］subtle ［B］obvious ［C］mysterious ［D］doubtful 44.［A］maintained ［B］described ［C］settled ［D］afforded 45.［A］in the light ［B］by virture ［C］with the exception［D］for the purpose 46.［A］reduction ［B］destruction ［C］deprivation ［D］restriction 47.［A］upon ［B］by ［C］through ［D］with 48.［A］paid attention to［B］caught sight of［C］laid emphasis on ［D］cast light on 49.［A］develop ［B］produce ［C］stimulate ［D］induce 50.［A］if ［B］as if ［C］only if ［D］if only
【提示】
［41：(B) 上文的已知信息＋惯用搭配(at all与neither)］
［42：(C) 上文的已知信息(not at all wellunderstood)＋连接词but＋语义］
［43：(C) 利用并列关系＋已知信息→已知信息=neither ...at all understood＋assumed→mysterious］
［44：(B) 已知信息＋并列关系＋替代关系＋词汇的同现关系(at a recent meeting)］
［45：(D) 已知信息(The purpose of noREM sleep...)→未知信息］
［46：(C) 词义辨析＋常识(与作者的知识共享)］
［47：(A) 语义逻辑联系(利用排除法)］
［48：(D) 词义辨析＋语境(包括上文与下文)＋词义辨析］
［49：(A) 词语复现＋替代＋词义习惯搭配］
［50：(B) 语境＋语义→需要连接词］
试 题 三
Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.
They do not provide energy, 41 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 42 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 43 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 44 .
Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements-usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 45 nitrogen. They are different 46 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 47 one or more specific functions in the body.
48 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 49 vitamins. Many people, 50 , believe in being on the "safe side" and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the body's vitamin needs.(1996年考题)
41.［A］ either ［B］ so ［C］ nor ［D］ never 42.［A］ shifting ［B］ transferring［C］ altering ［D］ transforming 43.［A］ any ［B］ some ［C］ anything ［D］ something 44.［A］ serious ［B］ apparent ［C］ severe ［D］ fatal 45.［A］ mostly ［B］ partially ［C］ sometimes ［D］ rarely 46.［A］ in that ［B］ so that ［C］ such that ［D］ except that 47.［A］ undertakes ［B］ holds ［C］ plays ［D］ performs 48.［A］ Supplying ［B］ Getting ［C］ Providing ［D］ Furnishing 49.［A］ exceptional ［B］ exceeding ［C］ excess ［D］ external 50.［A］ nevertheless［B］ therefore ［C］ moreover ［D］ meanwhile
【提示】
［41：(C) 替代＋语法结构］
［42：(D) 同义词辨析＋语用和语义上的意涵(progmatic and semantic implication)，foods与energy的逻辑关系决定了要用transform］
［43：(A) 语境中的替代］
［44：(B) 词义辨析＋语义理解＋语境中去理解(vitamins的作用=transforming foods into evergy)＋其他三个词都表示"程度"＋作者与读者的shared knowledge。］
［45：(C) 词的排比＋连词顺接关系］
［46：(A) 词的同现＋因果关系］
［47：(D) 固定搭配］
［48：(B) 逻辑联系语(逻辑主语是the body)］
［49：(C) 词的复现(extra与excess)］
［50：(A) 上文与下文的逻辑关系］
