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怎样通过英汉词语对比记忆单词

怎样通过英汉词语对比记忆单词

 

随着国家之间的交往、文化的接触和思想的沟通,每一种语言都会吸收外来语,补充和扩大自己的词汇。英语的有些外来词语就是从中国“进口”的。如 Confucius(孔夫子)、ginseng(人参)、kaoliang(高粱)、lama(喇嘛)、li(里)、litchi(荔枝)、silk(丝)、to lose face(丢脸)、paper tiger(纸老虎)。

同样,汉语也从英语中引起了许多外来语。如滴滴涕(DDTDD T.)、可可(cacao)、可口可乐(CocaCola)、奎宁(quinin)雷达(radar)、 吗啡(morphine)等。

有些词语从英语中“引进”以后,通过半译音半译意的方式稍加改造,便洋为中用,成了具有中国特色的一种“中西合璧”的词,如ice-cream(冰淇淋)、tomato sauce(番茄沙司)、Dowling paper(道林纸)等。

英语有一些词语被直译成汉语,原封不动地放到我们的语言中,时间久了,耳濡目染,习以为常,我们也不对它们另眼相看了。如 to pave the way for(为……铺平道路)等。

除了上述“引进”的词语以外,我们在学习英语的时候如果稍加留心,就会发现英汉两种语言在习语、比喻、量的表示法和谚语等方面有着相通或相似的地方,如 to make one's mouth water(使垂涎),as busy as a bee(像蜜蜂一样忙碌),a cup of tea(一杯茶)等等。在英语学习中,遇到上述几种情况时,似乎“一见如故”往往可以“望词生义”,且易记难忘。在学习英语词汇的时候,将英汉两种语言进行对照比较,寻根溯源,弄清其中相同、相似和不同的地方,会帮助我们加深理解,巩固记忆。下面进一步举例说明:

一、汉语从英语“进口”的外来词语

ampere安培(电流强度单位);       mango芒果

bar酒吧,酒柜                                marathonrace)马拉松

beer啤酒                                         mark马克

brandy白兰地酒                               Martin furnace马丁炉(平炉)

bus巴士,公共汽车                         microphone麦克风,话筒

card卡片                                         modern摩登

cc.西西(容量单位)                 morphine吗啡(毒品名)

chocolate巧克力                              motor马达,发动机

cigar雪茄(烟)                              motorcycle摩托车

coffee咖啡                                      Moslem穆斯林(伊斯兰教徒的通称)

disco迪斯科舞                                 nicotine尼古丁

Downing Street唐宁街                      Nobel prizes诺贝尔奖金

dozen一“打”(数量单位)             nylon尼龙

dyne达因(力的单位)                    Olympic games奥林匹克运动会

engine引擎,发动机                        opium鸦片

farad法拉(电容的单位)                palace派力司

fascism法西斯                                pence便士(英币单位)

franc法郎                                       papa爸爸

gallon加仑(容量单位)                 penicillin(药)盘尼西林,青霉素

golf高尔夫球                                   ping-pong乒乓

guitar吉他                                       pint品脱(容量单位)

halloa),hellohulloa)哈罗!喂!   poker扑克牌

humor幽默                                      pound磅(重量单位);英镑

hysteria歇斯底里                             pudding布丁(甜食之一种)

inch英寸                                         pump抽水机,泵

jacket夹克                                      quinin(药)奎宁,金鸡纳霜

jazz爵士乐                                      radar雷达(侦测仪器名)

jeep吉普车                                      sandwich三明治

lemone柠檬                                     shock休克

lemonade柠檬水                              smart时髦

logic逻辑                                        soda苏打

sofa沙发椅                                      black market黑市

tank坦克车                                      black list黑名单

ton吨(重量单位)                         cold war冷战

waltz华尔兹舞                                 golden age黄金时代

watt瓦特(电的功率单位)             firsthand第一手的

wattmeter瓦特计                              second-hand第二手的

whisky威士忌酒                              doubles-faced两面派的

to break the record打破记录             armed to the teeth武装到牙齿的

life line生命线

二、英汉相通或易于理解的比喻

asblack as ink墨黑                 aslight as a feather轻如鸿毛

as cold as ice冰冷                        assilly as a goose像呆头鹅一样傻

asfat as a pig胖得像猪           asstill as death像死一样静(死寂)

asgreen as grass像草一样绿              assweet as honey蜜一样甜

ashandsome as paint美丽如画            aswhite as snow雪白

as hard as rock坚如磐石                           as blind as a bat瞎得像蝙蝠

ashard as a stone像石头一样硬          s bold as a lion像狮子一样勇猛

as hot as fire火热                       ashappy as a king像国王一样高兴

三、英汉在量的表示法方面的类同

a pot of water一壶水                        a packet of cigarettes一包香烟

a pot of drinks一壶饮料                    ton of steel一吨钢

a tin of butter一听奶油                     a handful of rice一把米

a box of matches一盒火柴                spoonful of salt一汤匙盐

a bucket of oil一桶油                        mouthful of water一口水

a beg of beans一袋豆                       group of children一群孩子

四、英汉相通或相似的习语

to burn one's boats破釜沉舟                             eloquence)事实胜于雄辩

to pour oil on the fire火上加油                              o play with fire玩火

facts speak ouder than words                                 to buy off收买

to set one's heart at restease)放心                     more or less或多或少

to sit on the fence骑墙                                          far and near四面八方

to stand on one's own feetlegs)自立                  heart and soul 一心一意

to turn for the better好转                                      rain or shine风雨无阻

to see how the wind blows见风使舵  to pick and choose挑来挑去

to make one's mouth water使垂涎     to divide and rule分而治之

to hurt one's feelings伤感情              to be absentminded心神不定

to see the world见世面                     to turn a deaf ear to充耳不闻

to get in through the back door走后门        to shut one's eyes against视若

无睹

to praise to the skies捧上天去           Easy comeeasy go.来得容易去得

to talk black into whiteto prove that         快,易得易失

black is white)颠倒黑白                    Faith will move mountains.精诚所至,

to go through fire and water赴汤蹈火       金石为开

to swim with the streamtide        Out of sight out of mind.眼不见,current)随波逐流(随大流)    心不想;久别情疏

a bad rottenegg坏蛋                  Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁

a tooth for a tooth以牙还牙               East or west home is best.出门一

里,

an eye for an eye以眼还眼                不如家里

skindeep肤浅                                Ill news travels fast.恶事传千里

in at one ear and out at the other一只  Kill two birds with one stone.一箭

双雕

耳朵进,一只耳朵出                        Love melove my dog.爱屋及乌

heaven knows天晓得                        Make hay while the sun shines.趁热打

women have long tongues妇有长舌  

like fatherlike son有其父,必有其  Many hands make light work.人多子 好办事

at sixes and sevens乱七八糟             Speech is the picture of the mind.言为

in high spirits兴高采烈                     心声

in low spirits垂头丧气                      No one is wise at all time.智者千虑,

out of order杂乱无章                       必有一失

off and on断断续续                          There is no smoke without fire.无风不

back and forth前前后后                    起浪

through and through彻头彻尾           Time flies.光阴似箭

这里应该指出的是,英语同汉语是属于两种不同语系的语言,我们研究其异同,了解汉语从英语中“进口”的词语,分析两种词语在表达方法上的类同之处,有助于我们巩固记忆,扩大词汇量。但是,学习中要勤查字典,联系上下文,细心体会,分析思考,不要想当然,不要按中国人的想法和汉语的表达习惯来望文生义,否则就会闹出笑话,铸成大错。这里不妨随便举几个例子:

black tea红茶(不是“黑茶”)

black sheep害群之马,败类(不是“黑羊”)

child's play极易做的事情,三岁孩子都会做的玩艺儿(不是“孩戏”)

freshman大学的新生(不是“新鲜男子”)

goose flesh鸡皮疙瘩(不是“鹅肉”)

mad doctor精神病医生(不是“发狂的医生”)

Milky Way银河(不是“牛奶路”)

to pull one's leg取笑、愚弄(不是“拉后腿”)

We are not yet out of the wood.我们还没有完全摆脱困境(不是“我们还没有走出树林”)

Idon't buy your story.我不相信你的话(不是“我不买你的故事书”)

rain cats and dogs.下倾盆大雨(不是“落狗落猫”)

英汉两种语言没任何亲属关系,历史文化背景又如此不同,所以词义的范围相差很大,必须透彻理解词义,不能生搬硬套,搞“对号入座”。