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复合名词构成的方法

复合名词构成的方法有多种。以下所涉及的复合名词是有“动词+副词”(短语动词的一种)的若干变化形式而构成的。方法颇为有趣,且所构成的复合名词与短语动词的意义多有相近。例如短语动词 break out ([指战争、疾病等]突然发生,爆发),可构成复合名词 breakout (爆发、突围)和 outbreak ([瘟疫]等突然蔓延)。现将各种变化形式所构成的复合名词例举如下:

1. 动词、副词直接相连。如:
     blowup 爆炸                                                         comeback 复原、复辟
     breakdown 损坏,故障                                        cutoff 近路,切下的东西
     falloff 下降                                                        lookout 注意,监视哨
     makeup 组成,补充                                             runaway 逃跑,逃亡
     runout 逃开,避开                                             setup 机构,体制

2. 动词、副词用连字符连接。如:
     come-up 诱惑物,骗子                                        get-out 脱身,逃跑
     get-together 联欢会                                         put-off 推迟,搪塞
     put-on 假装,欺骗                                             run-through 浏览,概要
     stand-by 靠山,支持者                                     take-in 欺骗
     take-off 起飞,出发点                                     work-up 病情的检查

3. 动词、副词颠倒位置并直接相连。如:
     income 收入,收益                                             intake 吸入,摄入
     onset 攻击,袭击                                                outcome 结果,成果
     outlook 观点,前景                                            output 产量
     overthrow 推翻,打倒                                        overlook 眺望,观察
     upkeep 维修,保养                                             upset 混乱,心烦意乱

4. 副词与动词用连字符连接。如:
     by-pass 旁道,支流

5. 动词 -ing 形式与副词分开。如:
     coming in 进入,开始                                        comings in (常用复数)收入

6.动词 -ing 形式与副词由连字符连接。如:
    bringing-up 养育,抚养                                        goings-on (复)举动,行为
    going-over 痛打,痛骂                                         setting-up (无线电)调定

7. 副词与动词 -ing 形式直接相连。如:
     incoming 进来,(复)收入                                ingoing 进入
     onlooking (袖手)旁观                                     outfighting 远距离作战
     outgiving 公开声明,公开发言
     outgoing 外出,(复)支出,开销
     outpouring 倾泻                                                     upbringing 抚育,养育

8. 副词与动词 -ing 形式用连字符连接。如:
     on-goings (复)(常指古怪的)事件,行为
     out-clearing 票据交换额

9. (不规则)动词的过去分词与副词直接相连。如:
     leftover 剩余物,吃剩的饭

10. (不规则)动词的过去分词与副词用连字符相连。如:
        grown-up 成年人

11. 副词与(不规则)动词的过去分词直接相连。如:
        ingot 锭                                                                 upshot 结果,结局

12. 副词与(不规则)动词的过去分词用连字符连接。如:
        by-gone 过去的事情,往事