I . Drucker: professor Peter (Ferdinand) Drucker, American writer, teacher and management consultant, born on November 19, 1909, in Vienna, Austria; Professor of Man agement, New York University, since 1954; Clarke profes sor of Social Science; Clairemont Graduate School, Claire mont, California, since 1971; Management Consultant (own firm), since 1945; Fellow of American Association for Ad vancement; Honorary Fellow of British Institute of Manage ment. Publications.The End of Economic Man (1939), The Future of Industrial Man (1942), Concept of the Corporation (1946), The New Society ( 1950), The Practice of Manage- ment (1954), Managing for Results (1964), Technology, Management and Society (1970), Manage~nent. Tasks, Re sponsibilities, Practices (1974), The Unseen Revolution IIow Pension Fund Socialism Came to America (1976), and text books and educational films.
II.
1. Man is the only animal that produces his own food and things he uses. He has to produce (or to work) in order to live.
2. In the process of work man molds and changes himself. He emerges from nature by mastering her.
3. Work was not only useful, but one which carried with it a profound satisfaction. Even the details of daily work were meaningful because they were not detached in the worker' s mind from the product of the work. The worker used and developed his capacities and skills in the process of production. There was no split of work andplay, or work and culture.
4. Doubtful and fearful of his new freedom, man developed a feverish activity that became the index to the condition of his soul.saved and successful, or lost and unsuccessful. Work became a "duty and an obsession".
5. Work was a duty for the upper classes and middle classes and forced labor for the lower classes, those without prop- erty. Those who had amassed capital and employed others to work looked upon it as a duty.
6. Those who had to work long hours to keep from starving to death looked upon it as forced labor.
7. He does not care about the relation between what he pro duces and society as a Whole. "Instead of the machine be ing the substitute for human energy, man has become a substitute for the machine.
8. Work means getting money. The job itself is "disagree- able, meaningless and stultifying" and places a premium on "slovenly work", resulting in unhappy workers.
9. The chief concern is to increase individual production. Whatever increases output and lessons frictions is valued. 10. The "ideal of complete laziness" and "deep-seated,
though often unconscious hostility toward work".
1. The ideas presented in paragraph 1 are only general ones. So in paragraph 2 the author gives a more detailed explana tion of creative work by examples and a quotation of C. W. Mills' remark.
2. The definition of an ideal kind of work in paragraph 2 is provided by the use of a direct quotation of C. W. Mills' re mark of craftsmanship--one of the peaks in the evolution of creative work, esp. in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
3. The first two paragraphs are very important. The role they play in the whole essay is that they provide a contrast of how creative work develops to its contrary.
4. Mills emphasizes both the process and the product. Druck er cites an instance of how Fromm' s statement is true a mong automobile workers. The direct quotations give au- thority to the position Fromm is taking, a paraphrase would not provide that directness and authenticity.
5. The concerns and the objectives of industrial psychologists are to increase the productivity of workers. Their model is the machine. Fromm does not approve of this model or the activities of these industrial psychologists. He makes his attitude clear through his use of certain words and phrases -- "manipulation of the worker's psyche", "relations be- tween .. automations ".
6. Work began to be alienated from people when it ceased to be "an activity satisfying in itself" and became instead "a duty and an obsession", this process came with the end of the medieval age and has continued ever since. Man is now subordinated to the machines he operates, and as a result he has lost his self-respect and hates his work.
7. The method employed by the writer to develop his theme and to convince his readers may be called the method of causal analysis or just simply causation. Everything that exists and every event that takes place has a cause, and most things produce effects or results. "The worker is no longer a creator but has become a machine" is the effect or result as well as the theme of the text, with Fromm's sur vey of the history of people's attitude toward work serves as the causes, so it is essential to the development of his causal analysis.
8. Yes. Fromm does not employ the basic tenets of Marxism -- the existence of classes and class struggle -- to evalute and analyse the sociological problems in the United States. His basic approach is still that of a psychoanalyst, evaluat ing the psychological reaction of the worker to the working conditions and environment he finds himself in.
IV.
1. Because of the fact itself that man produces, he has devel oped far beyond all other animals.
2. Work also frees man from nature and makes him into a so cial being independent of nature.
3. All the above-mentioned work shows how man has trans formed nature through his reason and skill.
4. Therefore pleasure and work went together so did the cul tural development of the worker go hand in hand with the work he was doing.
5. Work became the chief element in a system that preached an austere and self-denying way of life. Work was the only thing that brought relief to those who felt alone and isolat ed leading this kind of ascetic life. 6. In capitalist society the worker feels estranged from or hos tile to the work he is doing.
7. Work helps the worker to earn some money; and earning money only is an activity without much significance or pur pose.
8. Just earning some money is not enough to make a worker have a proper respect of himself.
9. Most industrial psychologists are mainly trying to manage and control the mind of the worker.
10. Better relations with the public will yield larger profits to management. The management will earn larger profits if
it has better relations with the public.
11. The fact that many gadgets are indeed useful is often used by advertisers as a more "high-minded" cover for what is really a vulgar, base appeal to idleness and willingness to accept things.
12. The businessman knows the quality or usefulness of his product is not what it should be. He despises the goods he produces, conscious of the deception involved.
V. See the translation of the text.
VI.
1. kingdom: any one of the three divisions of the natural world
2. being : a human being : one who lives or exists, or assumed to do so
3. prosecution: the carrying on or engaging in something.
This word is more commonly used in its legal sense of con ducting legal proceedings against somebody.
4. chosen. (religious term) favored by God ; chosen by God to go to heaven after death
5. alienated, estranged, detached
6. physical: material
7. agent: a person that brings forming a certain action about a certain result by per
8. premium: an unusual or high value
9. friction : conflict, strife
10. psyche : mind
11. pay off: yield full recompense or retrun, for either good or evil
12. gadget: any small, especially mechanical contrivance or device
Ⅶ. producer, maker, manufacturer, creator, author, originator, founder, inventor, builder, grower
Ⅷ. 1. appropriateness, appropriation 2. precision, preciseness 3. subtlety, subtleness 4. preference, preferment 5. accep tance, acceptation 6. assembly, assemblage 7. absent mindedness 8. sincerity, sincereness 9. carriage 10. in heritance 11. English, England, Englishman, Englishwom an 12. ambiguity, ambiguousness 13. amassment 14. dis appointment 15. disallowance 16. physiology 17. provoca tion 18. judgement 19. understanding 20. extension
IX. 1. falsehood 2. officialdom 3. bachelorhood, bachelorship 4. womanhood 5. lordship 6. deanship 7. priesthood 8. kingship, kingdom 9. brotherhood 10. trusteeship 11. guardianship 12. seamanship 13. knighthood 14. duke dom 15. marksmanship 16. princedom 17. township 18. censorship 19. serfdom 20. citizenship
X.
1. backward 为消极词，表达一种具有消极意义的比较，主要起 直接描述作用，如a backward mountain region。有时它也用 来指低下和无知，暗示缺乏进取心而应受指责。primitive具 有对比意味，仅指人类文化发展的早期及工业化之前的阶 段，也可指处在初级阶段或初级形态的任何一件未经加工制 造的纯净简朴的东西。correct指无差错、瑕疵，符合某种标 准。其使用普遍，不仅可用来说明真理或事实，而且还可用来 修饰口味或(服装等)样式，如the correct dress for a formal dinner。right通常可和correct互换，但常暗含对道德方面 的赞赏，如the right course of action。
2．individuality指某人区别于他人的特性、情趣、活动等。indi vidualism现常指一种意识形态(及其所体现的言行)，该意 识形态以自我为中心，把自身利益置于他人利益之前。 3．action指某一行动的完成(所完成的事)或指完成某事的
过 程，如the action of acid on metal。activity指运动的状态， 或能量的消耗。activity词义很广，可用以指个人或集体运用 身心进行的工作，该词常用来表达一些分离的、同步的或连 续的行动，如the activity of the heart，busy week filled with social activities。
4．split指使某一件物体破碎或分裂成两个或更多个部分，而 difference强调分裂的部分彼此不似或不同。
5．consequence可指以一种中立的方式所表达的简单的因果关 系，如prosperity that was the consequence of widely ex Danded governmental spending。此词更多地是指否定性的 结果或至少是在其他方面结果令人满意却又伴随有否定因 素，如arguing that the rise in lung cancers was a conse auence of cigarette。outcome充分强调对某一事物的结局 所作的唯一的、单独的结论。该词较为非正式，指事情的结局 或解答，如a tragic outcome for such a happy marriage。
6．wealth就其具体的而非抽象的含义来看，是一个含义很广 的词，可指贮藏或积蓄的、人们想要拥有的一切，尤指有经 济利益或短期价值，由个人、集体或非生命实体所使用的物 质的东西，如a man of wealth，a nation’s wealth。从广义上 来讲，wealth既可指有价值的非物体的东西，也可指极丰富的任何事物，如a wealth of experience，a wealth of learn ing。property指个人或集体合法地获取或拥有的任何一件 有价值的东西，如private property，government property。 该词可以是不动产或动产，即它可以包括被看作不动的、永 久的财富，如土地、建筑等，也可以包括被认为可动的、临时 性的财富，如珠宝、书籍、家俱等等。
7．succinct意为压缩、排除了无关细节的，用以说明文章、讲话 等简短、明白、概括，紧抓要点，如a succinct summarv of a lengthy treaties。brief用于时间的持续，其含义相对于 long，如a brief or short interval。该词也常用来强调简洁、 概括等等，如a brief view。
8．product指生长或制造的东西，这些东西或产生于自然界，或 产生于人类工业或艺术。productivity指生产力或某些东西 的大量生产。
9．psychology是一门有关精神及精神、情感过程的科学，也可 指某个人或某个群体的行为、特性、态度、思想、精神状态等 的总和，如the psychology of the adolescent。psyche指精 神，是精神病学上的专用术语。
10．humane是指对待人类和整个生物界及二者所处境况都要 慈悲仁爱，如a humane judge，a humane treatment of ani reals。human仅用于表达人区别于动物和自然界以及被认 为能够关注与他人沟通的任何特征。human和humane的 含义区别很大。humane可指人类所共有的高尚的态度，而 human常把软弱或失败看作具有普遍性，因而可以谅解 (人所共犯之错)。但后者也常指对他人的缺陷持灵活宽容 的态度。如：If he‘d only stop moralizing all the time and be a little bit human．
Ⅺ．1．be alienated from 2．way，method 3．obligation 4．func tl’on 5．character 6．action 7．device 8．wealth 9．inacti vl’ty 10．yearning．craving
XⅡ.1．The central idea is expressed in the opening topic sentence "! love my lawyer". The method used in developing the central idea is called "causal analysis" or "causation".
2. The central idea is expressed in the opening topic sentence "Of all the forces which have tempted us to lose our sense of history, none has been more potent than television". The me thod used in developing the central idea is called "causal analysis" or "causation".
XⅢ. Omitted.
Workers in Socialist China
On August 23, 1993, five model workers from Laohekou Golden Town Co. Ltd. were enrolled in the textile correspon- dence speciality of Laohekou TV University. Sponsored by the company, they would study as college students with no salary reduction. Over the past years, eighteen model workers have been offered free college edueation by the Company. To rejuvenate the enterprise by means of training personnel and improving the quality of staff and workers, the company
has made a rewarding policy of encouraging model workers ac- quiring higher education in their spare time. The policy arous es the work and study enthusiasm of over four hundred work- ers in the company. What is popular among workers now is to learn technological knowledge and make contributions to the company. Since 1992, relying on talents to expand, its output value, profit and tax has been rising at an annual rate of 50%. At present, the company has grown into a major textile enter- prise with fixed assets of fifteen million yuan and an annual sale of more than eighty million yuan. One fourth of its prod- ucts are exported to Japan, the United States, Thailand, and Southeast Asia.
To better the overall quality of the staff members and work- ers, the company has decided to make all of them technical secondary school graduates within the coming three years.
The worker as Creator or Machine 习题答案/answer
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