内 容 提 要
-ED分词即我们平常所说的动词过去分词。它有两种形式：规则动词形式和不规则动词形式。规则动词形式由规则动词＋-ED构成；不规则动词有其特殊的-ED分词。在语法功能上，它在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同，可以作表语，定语，状语，也可以用在复合结构中，不管它作什么成分，其最基本的含义是“被动”的。-ED分词在语法功能和意义上与-ING分词有一定的区别。
I -ED分词的用法
一、-ED分词作表语
The glass is broken. / He was amused. / She seemed quite disappointed. / He is greatly discouraged by her refusal of inviting her to the party. / The window remains locked.
已经形容词化了的-ED分词大都作表语，常见的有：accomplished, amazed, amused, astonished, broken, closed, completed, complicated, confused, crowded, deserted, devoted, disappointed, discouraged, dressed, drunk, exhausted, excited, experienced, fadded, fascinated, frightened, hurt, inexperienced, interested, known, learned, lost, married, pleased, puzzled, qualified, satisfied, surprised, tired, unprepared, unqualified, unkown, upset, worried, wounded等。
二、作定语的-ED分词
-ED分词可以作前置定语也可以作后置定语，作后置定语时相当于一个定语从句
1) Commercial banks make most of their income from interest on loans and investments in stocks and bonds.
［A］ earn
［B］ earned
［C］ to earn
［D］ was earned
2) On his return from his college, he found the house .
［A］ deserting
［B］ deserted
［C］ desert
［D］ to be deserted
3) The age ［A］ of a geological sample can be estimated ［B］ from the ratio of radioactive to nonradioactive carbon present ［C］ in the object is examined ［D］ .
三、用作状语的-ED分词
这样的-ED分词通常来自及物动词。-ED分词用作状语时，跟-ING分词作状语时一样，修饰主句的谓语动词，意义上相当于状语从句，表示时间，条件，原因，伴随状况等。-ED分词结构作状语，前边往往可以加when,while,if,as if,though。这时，我们可以把-ED分词结构理解为一个省略句，即省去了“主语和be的变化形式”。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。
1. 表示时间
4) Inaugurated a second time on March 4， 1901， focused on domestic rather than oreign policies.
［A］ William McKinley’s new term looked forward to and
［B］ the new term looked forward to William McKinley and
［C］ looking forward to a new term was William McKinley
［D］ William McKinley looked forward to a new term
2. 表示条件
5) under a microscope，a fresh snowflake has a delicate sixpointed shape.
［A］ Seen
［B］ Sees
［C］ Seeing
［D］ To see
6) to steel，chromium(铬) increases the metal’s hardness.
［A］ Added
［B］ In addition
［C］ Adding
［D］ Adds
7) enough food and water, they could have beaten the enemy.
［A］ Being given
［B］ Given
［C］ Give
［D］ To give
3. 表示原因
Encouraged by his mother， .
［A］ art was studied in Florence by John Singer Sargent
［B］ Florence was where John Singer Sargent studied art
［C］ the study of art in Florence by John Singer Sargent
［D］ John Singer Sargent studied art in Florence.
9) by the decision， the lawyer quickly left the court room.
［A］ Angering
［B］ Having angered
［C］ Being angry
［D］ Angered
10) Written in great haste, .
［A］ Jim made a lot of mistakes in the report
［B］ there are plenty of errors in the report
［C］ we found several mistakes in his report
［D］ the books is full of errors.
4. 表示伴随状况：-ED分词结构作状语表示伴随状况时，没有适当的分句可替换
11) was not incorporated as a city until almost two centuries later，in 1834.
［A］ Settling Brooklyn，the Dutch
［B］ The Dutch settled Brooklyn
［C］ Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch
［D］ Settled by the Dutch，Brooklyn
12) Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely to the outside world.
［A］ being lost
［B］ having lost
［C］ losing
［D］ lost5. 表示让步
13) Francis Preston Blair，Jr.， born in Kentucky，lived and practiced law in
issouri.
［A］ was
［B］ he was
［C］ although
［D］ who he was
6. 表示结果
14) in all parts of the state， pines are the most common trees in Georgia.
［A］ Found
［B］ Finding them
［C］ To find them
［D］ They are found
7. 表示目的
15) They should be kept here this matter.
［A］ informing about
［B］ be informed
［C］ be informed of
［D］ informed of
8. 表示背景和衬托
16) Known for her caricatures(漫画) of the United States society， .
［A］ Peggy Brown wrote and illustrated books for children
［B］ the writing and illustrating of books for children by Peggy Brown
［C］ children’s books were written and illustrated by Peggy Brown
［D］ Peggy Brown’s writing and illustrating of children’s books
17) Well known as a splendid pianist in Boston， .
［A］ we all are pleased to hear Mr. Anderson’s concerto(小协奏曲)
［B］ a concerto was composed by Mr. Anderson
［C］ Mr. Anderson composed a concerto
［D］ Mr. Anderson’s concerto was composed
四、-ED分词在复合结构中
Don’t get your schedule changed; stay with us in this class. (83年考题)
Peter had his gas and electricity turned on when he moved into his new apartment last month. (85年副题)
He kept his mouth shut and stayed where he was.(他闭口不言，呆在原地不动。)
They are talking about the experiment made in the new lab.
五、独立结构
如果-ED分词短语与-ING短语带有与句子主语不同的主语，即本短语自己本身带有主语，这就构成了独立结构(也叫独立主格结构或垂悬结构)，这种结构也可作状语表示时间，原因等。有时在独立结构前还可加介词with 或 without。
Her eyes filled with tears, she did not notice his coming.
18) This , we went out to play.
［A］ was done
［B］ did
［C］ was dong
［D］ done
19) all his followers dead, the commander was taken by his enemy.
［A］ For
［B］ As
［C］ Because of
［D］ With
六、例题解析
1) B为正确答案。空档前是一完整的句子，在没有连词的情况下，不能填充A和D；根据题意，“利息”是“通过…(被)挣来的”，有被动之意，所以选B。
2) B为正确答案。此句的意思是“房子”被“遗弃，没人住”，是被动的意义，而A和C都不符合这一点。D是动词不定式，一般表示将来或具体动作，所以D也不对。
3) D错。应去掉多余的“is”，使-ED分词“examined”作后置定语修饰“object”。C处并没有错。“present”是形容词，它与后面的成分构成形容词短语修饰限定前面的“the ratio…carbon”。
4) D为正确答案。这句话前半句的-ED分词相当于一个时间状语从句“When he was inaugurated a second time …”，主句的主语应当是人，所以A和D为可能选项，但A中的look forward to后应跟名词，那么只有D为正确选项。
5) A为正确答案。本句的意思是“在显微镜下看，雪花……”，显然这里的看是“被观察”之义。B、C、D都表示主动，A为正确选项。
6) A为正确答案。(同上)
7) B为正确答案。(同上)
D为正确答案。四个选项中，只有D的主语为“John Singer Sargent”(人名) ，而只有人才能被“encouraged”(鼓舞)，也就是说，只有D中的主语能充当空白前-ED分词短语的逻辑主语。
9) D为正确答案。空白处只能用-ED分词才可和后面的“by”短语发生联系，并且其逻辑主语和主句主语一致。
10) D为正确答案。本句的意思是“由于(被)写得急，……”，所以A和C不对。虽然B中的主语“plenty of errors”与“written”逻辑上可以呼应，但与“in the great haste”不一致。 “Written in great haste”的逻辑主语还是“the books”。所以D正确。
11) D为正确答案。从上下文看，空档处的主语应是表示要点的名词(“as a city”)，那么A不对；B和C都是一分句，而空档后是谓语部分，它们不作为正确选项。
12) D为正确答案。
13) C为正确答案。
14) A 对。本句的主语为pines(松树) ，这样就排除了B 选项，因为-ING分词表主动，而“松树”不可能是“找”(find)这个动作的逻辑主语，即动作发出者。故只有A“found”(被发现) 的逻辑主语与“pines”一致，应选A。
15) D为正确答案。
16) A为正确答案。空档前是-ED分词短语，空档处应是主谓俱全句，排除B和D。从-ED分词短语中(Known for her …)可知，主句的主语是人而不是物，所以C也不对。
17) C为正确答案。(同上)
18) D为正确答案。A是不对的，如果we前加上and，才能选A。
19) D为正确答案。
语 法 结 构---- -ING分词
内 容 提 要
-ING分词也是动词的非限定性形式，由动词原形＋-ING构成，在句中可以直接作主语，也可用形式主语it来代替，而把-ING分词放到后边；可以作表语；作宾语时对动词有一定的要求，有的动词只能跟接-ING分词，有的动词则既可以跟不定式也可以跟-ING分词，而且-ING分词还可作介词的宾语；在作宾语补足语时对动词也有一定的要求；作状语时，
-ING分词要与其逻辑主语呼应，否则就要用独立结构；-ING分词作定语时相当于一个定语从句。跟动词不定式一样，-ING分词也有它的完成时态、被动语态和否定形式；最后我们还要了解-ING分词的逻辑主语问题。
I -ING分词的形式
-ING分词是指由动词原形＋-ING构成的、具有完成时态和被动语态的一种非谓语动词形式，具体形式如下
主动形式 被动形式
一般时 doing being done
完成时 having done having been done
就其语法功能而言，它可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补语、状语和定语。
II -ING分词的用法
一、 作主语
1. 一般形式
1) the matriculation for postgraduate is probably the turning point of my life.
［A］ Taking the part of
［B］ Taking part in
［C］ To take the part of
［D］ To take the notice in
2) a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe.
［A］ As
［B］ To be
［C］ Is
［D］ Being
3) by transforming the blame to others is often called scapegoating.
［A］ Eliminate problems
［B］ The eliminated problems
［C］ Eliminating problems
［D］ Problems are eliminated
2. 有时可以用it做形式主语
It's waste of time arguing with the gossip about it.
It's interesting having traveled to Beidaihe this year.［说明：从这句中我们可以看出，这种结构通常适用于名词和形容词。但不适用于像possible, important, essential, necessary等表示性质的形容词，这些词后面一般要跟动词不定式。我们不能说 It's quite necessary taking part in the negociation.应改作It's quite necessary to take part in the negociation.］
It's glorious getting involved in working out the plan.
4) It is ［A］ possible determining that ［B］ French explorers reached the jucture of ［C］ the Kansas and Missouri rivers ［D］ in the seventeenth century.
二、作表语的-ING分词
Seeing is believing.
His aims are learning two foreign languages and applying the theory he has learned to practice.
三、-ING分词作动词宾语
1. 一类是动词或短语后边跟宾语的非限定性动词只能是-ING分词，如：acknowledge, admit(坦白，承认), advise, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, can't help, consider, contemplate(深思), delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape(躲过，避开), excuse, fancy, finish, give up, imagine, include, keep on, justify, mean(意味着，等于), mind(在乎), miss, postpone, practise, prohibit, put off, quit, recall, regret, resist, resume, risk(冒险干…), suggest, threaten。
5) By taking the back way he escaped .
［A］ to be seen
［B］ have been seen
［C］ seeing
［D］ being seen
6) I came late and missed Jack winning.
［A］ to see
［B］ seeing
［C］ see
［D］ seen
7) “I see our boss coming down the hall.”
“Then we’d better quit and get down to business.”
［A］ talking
［B］ to talk
［C］ from talking
［D］ having talk
The young doctor first ［A］ practised to use ［B］ the needles on ［C］ his own ［D］ wrist.
9) Some experts have advocated to bring ［A］ that country into ［B］ the talks, to revive the intermittent dialogue ［C］ that began ［D］ after the 1967 Middle East War.
2. 另一类动词后边作宾语的非限定性动词可以是-ING分词的动名词，也可以是动词不定式，如：attempt, begin, can't bear, cease, continue, deserve, endure, forget, go on, hate, intend, like, love, need, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start , stop, try等。(动词后接-ING和不定式时在用法上的区别在下一章讲)
10) “What’s wrong with Henry?”“He needs .”
［A］ cheer up
［B］ to be cheer up
［C］ cheering up
［D］ to cheered up
11) Any such news would start her .
［A］ to worry
［B］ worrying
［C］ worry
［D］ worried
3. -ING分词作宾语还有下一结构，即用it代表-ING分词，而把-ING分词短语放到句子的后边去
I consider it worthwhile spending ten thousand yuan on the furniture.／Marry fount it marvellous having a journey with him.
四、 -ING结构作介词的宾语
几乎所有介词，不管是单个介词还是介词词组，不管它们是谓语动词的组成部分与否，都能用-ING分词的动名词作其宾语。所以，-ING结构作介词宾语的时候很多。-ING结构一般作介词短语的宾语，主要有以下搭配关系
1. 动词＋介词＋ -ING
12) Scientists measure the hardness ［A］ of a material ［B］ by comparatively ［C］ with a table of ten well-known ［D］ metals.
13) Her mother did not ［A］ approve of her to go ［B］ to the party without dressing ［C］ formally ［D］ .
14) Although many women’s colleges ［A］ have been coeducational ［B］ , other universities remain committed to keep ［C］ their facilities separate ［D］ .
15) We insist on you leave ［A］ the place before ［B］ any further ［C］ disturbances take place ［D］ .
2. 名词(形容词，不及物动词)＋介词to(不要把它视为动词不定式的标志)。下面是大纲中所列短语中的“to”为介词：(be) contrary to (与…相反),object(objection)to (反对), with a view to (为…起见)，(be) opposed to (反对)， in contrast to (与…成对比),be used to (习惯于), be exposed to, be dedicated to (致力于),resort to (诉诸于), as to (关于), be accustomed to (习惯于), be devoted to (献身于), be committed to (委身于), react to (对…反应), with regard to (关于), look forward to (期待), contribute to (贡献)，owe to由于，归功于等
16) I have no objection the evening with them.
［A］ to spend
［B］ to spending
［C］ to have spent
［D］ to have to spend
17) Why do you object to the direction?
［A］ following
［B］ follow
［C］ have follow
［D］ have been followed
18) Mr. Brown often wore ［A］ a heavy coat ［B］ because he was not used to live ［C］ in such a ［D］ cold climate.
19) Livy was the ［A］ only great historian of the time ［B］ , and he devoted his attention to give ［C］ the world splendid ［D］ pictures.
3. 动词＋副词＋介词＋ -ING
I look forward to her coming soon.
4. 形容词(或具有形容词性质的-ED分词)＋介词＋ -ING
I am proud of having such a son.
He is greatly honored of shaking hands with the President.
It's impossible for him finishing the task in such a short time.
He is interested in playing table tennis.
5. 表示征询意见的 “How about…?”, “What…about?”
How about going there?
What about having a concert?
20) How about to the movies tonight?
［A］ going
［B］ if go
［C］ to go
［D］ if we go
6. 前面省略了介词in的-ING惯用法
The two children are busy doing their homework.
Mr. Smith has difficulty fulfilling the task.
There is no use going over the lessons before the night of exam.
He has spent a lot of time preparing the exam for the postgraduate.
Xiao Li lost no time catching up with his classmates.
There is no point arguing with him.
五、 -ING结构作宾语补足语
1. 表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如 hear, feel, find, give, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, smell, watch等词的宾语可以用-ING作宾语补语
21) “Where are the children?” “I saw in the yard.”
［A］ them to play
［B］ them played
［C］ them playing
［D］ to them playing
22) I must say I don’t like to hear you like that.
［A］ talking
［B］ to talk
［C］ have to talk
［D］ talked
2. 表示“致使”等意义的动词，如 catch, have, get, keep, leave, set
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for me so long.
What you have told left me thinking that you experienced much when you were young.
3. 其他动词宾语的补语
23) The average age ［A］ of the Mediterranean ［B］ olive trees grow ［C］ today is two hundred years ［D］ .
六、 -ING结构作状语
-ING结构作状语表示主语在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用。这时要注意-ING与其逻辑主语在时态、意义上的统一
1. 表示时间和伴随 一般放在句首，有时可放在句中
Coming into the room, I found him sobbing. (=When I came into the room, I found him sobbing.) 在这里coming这一-ING分词动作发生时，紧接着(几乎是同时)发生了谓语动作，有“一……就”的意思。
Pulling his body in the car, he drove away.(=After he pulled his body in the car, he drove away.)
24) Those naughty boys were caught flowers in the garden again.
［A］to steal
［B］stealing
［C］ having stolen
［D］stolen
25) Daniel walked up and down ［A］ as he listened, hands behind ［B］ his back, now and then ［C］ asked ［D］ a question.
2. 表示方式
Being a clever girl, she was sent to college by her father.(此例不可改成：Being a clever girl, her father sent her to college.因为分词短语的逻辑主语不是“her father ”, 而只能是“she ”。)
如果-ING分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，-ING分词前可以加when,while等连词，可放在句首或句末：When arriving home, he found the door opened. / He listened to the music radio while reading.
26) ，Tony jumped into the river and saved the drowning man.
［A］ Good swimer as he is
［B］ He can swim very well
［C］ Being that he was a good swimmer
［D］ Being a good swimmer
27) the kind of man he was, he did not pay much attention to it at first.
［A］ To be
［B］ Being
［C］ Having been
［D］ Though to be
28) Was a dancer ［A］ and blues singer before ［B］ the age of eight ［C］ ，Florence Mills made her ［D］ vaudeville debut(轻歌舞首演) in 1910.
3. 表示原因
Not having had any letter from Tom, Marry was worried.(=Marry was worried because she did not have any letter from Tom.)
Having got a headache, I didn't come to the concert. (=Because I got a headache, I didn't come to the concert.)
29) Most of the people, , could not go to sleep that night after the party.
being so excited
［A］ being so excited
［B］ be so excited
［C］ being so exciting
［D］ be so exciting
30) Having the highest marks in his class， .
［A］ the college offered him a scholarship
［B］ he was offered a scholarship by the college
［C］ a scholarship was offered him by the college
［D］ a college scholarship was offered to him
4. 表示条件：一般放在句首
Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all. (=If I know anything about it, I will tell you all.)
Working diligently, you will pass the entrance exam. (=If you work diligently, you will pass the entrance exam.)
5. 表示让步：表示让步的-ING分词常常由although/though, even if/though, unless等连词引入，一般放在句首
Having great diffculties in the course of working, they finished the task ahead of time.
Buying a lot of reference books for the exam, he failed in it because of the learning method.
Although repeating his words many times, the teacher could not make his students understand the concret concept of philosophy.
Even if coming by taxi, I will arrive in at least 45 minutes.
6. 表示结果：置于句末，前面要加so, thereby, thus, hence等表示结果的副词
He worked day and night, making himself near sighted.
Not making what he meant misunderstood, he adjusted his tones to underline his meaning.
The workers worked 14 hours a day, thus producing products three times as they did last month.
He wished to travel all over the world, thereby studying customs of other countries.
31) The bus was held up by the traffic jam, .
［A］ thus causing the delay
［B］ so that caused the delay
［C］ to cause the delay
［D］ caused the delay
七、-ING分词作定语
-ING分词可以单独作定语，也可以构成合成词作定语，但在更多情况下是分词短语作定语，包括限定性和非限定性(用逗号与其他部分分开)，在意义上相当于一个定语从句(包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句)
32) Jacob Lawrence executed many cycles of paintings significant social themes.
［A］ expressed
［B］ expressing
［C］ express
［D］ expression of
33) The name Nebraska comes from the Oto Indian word “nebrathka”， flat water.
［A］ to mean
［B］ meaning
［C］ it means
［D］ by meanig
34) The production of tin ore in the United States is relatively insignificant， less than one hundred tons annually.
［A］ amounting to
［B］ in the amount
［C］ amounts to it
［D］ to the amount of
八、-ING的完成时、被动语态与否定形式
1. 如果-ING分词表示的是一般性动作，(即不指明是现在、过去或将来)不表示动作的先后或与谓语所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生，这时要用-ING的一般形式
35) Revolution means the productive forces.
［A］ to liberate
［B］ to have liberated
［C］ liberating
［D］ having been liberated
36) It is a simple matter ［A］ to have found ［B］ the density of a gas ［C］ from its formula ［D］ .
2. 但如果-ING分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生，就要用“(not)having+-ED分词”表示完成时
37) by the journey, he went to bed immediately after he came back home.
［A］ Being exhausted
［B］ To have exhausted
［C］ Having exhausted
［D］ Having been exhausted
38) with an accedent, he arrived at the station ten minutes late.
［A］ Having met
［B］ To have met
［C］ Meeting
［D］ Having been met
3. 当非限定性动词-ING的逻辑主语是-ING所表示的动作对象时要用-ING的被动形式，包括其一般形式“(not)being + -ED分词和完成形式“(not)having been +-ED分词”
39) Solids, liquids, and gases at rest all have a tendency to resist in motion.
［A］ setting
［B］ to set
［C］ being set
［D］ to be set
40) Upon questioning ［A］ he denied having killed ［B］ the old woman with ［C］ the home-made ［D］ gun.
4. -ING的否定形式是把not加在-ING的前边
41) of the change in the meeting time, Mike arrived late.
［A］ Not having notified
［B］ Not notifying
［C］ Not to notify
［D］ Not having been notified
42) I regret hard at school.
［A］ not to have worked
［B］ not having worked
［C］ not have worked
［D］ having not worked
九、-ING分词的逻辑主语
1. -ING分词除了具有动词的特点以外，它还有名词的特点，即可以加物主代词(如my,your,his等)和名词的属格(如Wang Qing's等)来表示其逻辑主语(这时-ING的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致)
43) I suggest on an excursion this Sunday.
［A］ we are going
［B］ to go
［C］ us going
［D］ our going
44) on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.
［A］ If walking
［B］ While walking
［C］ Walking
［D］ When one is walking
45) Marta ［A］ being chosen ［B］ as the most outstanding ［C］ student on her campus made her parents ［D］ very happy.
2. 还有一种-ING分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的情况，这时直接可用“-ING分词的主语＋-ING”来表示，这样的-ING分词短语可由介词引导。这种结构叫独立结构
46) A new technique , the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
［A］ to have been worked out
［B］ having worked out
［C］ working out
［D］ having been worked out
47) Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work , we declined the offer.
［A］ not being finished
［B］ not having finished
［C］ had not been finished
［D］ was not finished
3. 如果逻辑主语已和句子主语一致，那么其逻辑主语就可省略(在使用这种用法时要注意：-ING分词所表示的动作[ZZ(]一定[ZZ)]是主语所发出的，也就是说-ING分词的逻辑主语[ZZ(]一定[ZZ)]是主句的主语。试比较下列句子)
Getting into the room, I smelled a terrible smell.(getting 是 I 的动作)
Getting into the room, it give a terrible smell. (错误)
Walking through the forest, we found many strange animals. (walking 是 we 发出的)
Walking through the forest, a lot of animals are there. (错误)
Looking out of the window of our hotel room, we saw zigzag mountains. (Looking的使动者是we)
Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there were zigzag mountians.(错误)
48) Never attempting to be a literary stylist, in her novels.
［A］ she considered the plot the most important element
［B］ the most important element considered to be the plot
［C］ considering the plot the most important element
［D］ the plot was considered to be the most important element
49) with the new method, the material does not break up easily.
［A］ To have treated
［B］ Having treated
［C］ Being treated
［D］ Having been treated
50) Attempting to reach his home before the storm, .
［A］ the bicycle of John broke down
［B］ it happened that John’s bike broke down
［C］ the storm caught John
［D］ John had an accident on his bicycle
4. -ING分词的主语可以与做主语的名词或代词(即代词的主格)一致，放在-ING前边，与
-ING分词构成逻辑上的“主谓”关系。但是，-ING分词(还有-ED分词)短语作状语时，也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的“主语”。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，叫做独立结构。在很多情况下它都相当于各种形式的状语，表示一种伴随的动作或情况
51) Weather , we’ll go sightseeing.
［A］ permitted
［B］ is permitted
［C］ permitting
［D］ is permitting
52) There are four factories in our institute, .
［A］ each to have over 100 workers
［B］ each having over 100 worders
［C］ which there are over 100 workers
［D］ with each that has over 100 workers
53) We went to ［A］ the World Park, Xiao Wang act ［B］ as guide for ［C］ he had been there several times ［D］.
十、习惯用法
1. There is no +-ING分词，表示“不可能”
There is no getting along with him.(无法和他相处。)
2. It(There) is no use (good) +-ING分词，表示“无用”= It is of no use (good) to +V：
There(It) is no use advising him to give up smoking.(劝他戒烟是徒劳的。)
3. be busy(worth)+-ING分词 (忙于)
He is busy mapping out his plans for the next semester.
4. feel like+-ING分词 (想)
I don’t feel like eating just now.(我现在不想吃。)
5. What do you say to+-ING分词?(…怎么样?)
What do you say to joining us for dinner?(和我们一起进餐，你看怎么样?)
6. spend+时间+(in)+-ING分词
Jane spent several days (in) preparing for the final exams.(简花了好几天时间准备期末考试。)
7. difficulty trouble have + a problem +(in)+ -ING分词 a good(hard) time fun (快乐)
54) The student had ［A］ difficulty to write ［B］ a short paragraph ［C］ correctly ［D］ .
55) I imagine that ［A］ I could go to the theater again and have just as good a time ［B］ not try to ［C］ think of an opening sentence ［D］ .
十一、例题解析
1) B为正确答案。
2) D为正确答案。
3) C为正确答案。
4) B错。 改为to determine，关于动词不定式与-ING分词的区别请参见第七章“小结”。
5) D为正确答案。
6) B为正确答案。
7) A为正确答案。
B错。改为using。
9) A错。改为bringing。
10) C为正确答案。
11) B为正确答案。“start＋不定式”与“start＋-ING”有所不同，前者表示具体动作，后者表示一般性动作或状态。
12) C错。改为comparing。
13) B错。改为her going。
14) C错。改为to keeping。be committed to＋名词或-ING分词，意为“同意承担，答应(干某事或支持某事)。”
15) A错。 改为your leaving。
16) B为正确答案。
17) A为正确答案。
18) C错。改为to living。
19) C错。 改为giving。
20) A为正确答案。
21) C为正确答案。
22) A为正确答案。
23) C错。改成“growing”。本句中先后出现了两个动词，“grow”和“is”，这显然不合语法。将“grow”变为“growing”后便构成了-ING短语，修饰“trees”。
24) B为正确答案。stealing表示正在进行。
25) D错。改为asking。
26) D为正确答案。
27) B为正确答案。
28) A错。改成“Being a dancer”。
29) A为正确答案。
30) B为正确答案。
31) A为正确答案。
32) B为正确答案。本句空白处缺能起定语作用的词，用来修饰前面的名词paintings。
33) B为正确答案。本句空白后面的成分为-ING短语，相当于“which means…”。C 表面上正确，但英语中没有连接词连接的两个分句是不能成立的，但我们可以说“which means”，用“which”指代“Nebrathka”。但这样就变成非限定性定语从句了。
34) A为正确答案。本句相当于一个非限定性定语从句(which amounts to…)，amount(总计) -不及物动词，故没有-ED分词。
35) C为正确答案。
36) B错。 改为to find。
37) D为正确答案。
38) A为正确答案。
39) C为正确答案。
40) A错。Upon being questioned。
41) D为正确答案。
42) B为正确答案。
43) D为正确答案。
44) D为正确答案。
45) A错。改为Marta’s。
46) D为正确答案。
47) A为正确答案。
48) A为正确答案。
49) D为正确答案。
50) D为正确答案。
51) C为正确答案。
52) B为正确答案。
53) B错。改为acting。
54) B错。改为writing。
55) C错。改为trying to。
语 法 结 构 - 不定式、-ING分词和-ED分词三者间的关系
一、动词不定式与-ING分词的区别
1. 作宾语时，-ING分词表示抽象的、一般性或习惯性的和连续性的动作，而不定式则表示某次具体动作，特别是将来的动作
I like playing football. I would like to play football this afternoon.
1) The school cannot tolerate on exams.
［A］ cheating
［B］ to cheat
［C］ be cheated
［D］ being cheated
2) News of success keeps in.
［A］ pouring
［B］ to pour
［C］ poured
［D］ to be pouring
3) Long ［A］ before the dawn ［B］ of recorded ［C］ history, humans celebrated to harvest ［D］ their crops.
2. 作定语时，-ING表示正在进行的动作，用-ING的完成时表示动作的完成；不定式表示未来发生
4) We were overjoyed at the news of China another man-made satellite.
［A］ having launched
［B］ to have launched
［C］ to launch
［D］ launched
5) The applicants interviewing ［A］ are required to ［B］ bring all the necessary papers ［C］ two days later ［D］ .
6) Sorghum(高梁) leaves ［A］ occasionally contain ［B］ enough hydrocyanic acid killing ［C］ livestock(牲畜) ［D］ .
3. 当谓语动词是进行时的时候，用不定式而不用-ING分词作宾语
It's beginning to snow you. It starts raining.
I'm considering how to go(where to go, what to do). I considered emplying Mr.Wang but decided that Mr.Chen was more suited to the job.
4. 在remember,forget等词后，如果跟-ING分词，表示-ING分词的动作发生在主要谓语之前；如果跟不定式则表示不定式的动作发生在主要谓语动作之后
I remember telling her that last night. (“告诉”发生在“记得”之前) He remembered to tell her that when she came back. (“记得”发生在“告诉”之前)
I'm sorry I forgot to give you the message. (主语动词表示的动作“忘记”发生在不定式表示的动作“给带口信”之前) Why! I have such a bad memory. I forgot giving the message last night. (-ING分词示的动作“给带口信”发生在谓语动词表的动作“忘记”之前)
5. stop, go on和leave off之后跟接动词不定式和-ING分词所表达的意义有所不同
They stopped (talking) to work. ［停下(其他动作)来工作］
They stopped working. ［停下工作(来干其他动作)］
Workers went on discussing the problem. ［工人继续讨论这一问题］
Workers went on to discuss the problem.［工人们停下来其他事，继续讨论这一问题］
He left off writing.［他停下写作(去干其他事)］
He left off to write.［他停下(其他事)来写作］
6. … used to后跟不定式和-ING分词，后跟不定式有两种情况：一种是used to是固定用法表示“过去经常干……”；另外一种情况是use的被动词态“be used”后跟不定式；后跟-ING分词的情况有一种，那就是当used to中的used是形容词时，to后跟名词或-ING分词
7) When he was in the plastic plant, he together with the workers.
［A］ has worked
［B］ had worked
［C］ had been worked
［D］ used to work
You will soon this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you.
［A］ get used to
［B］ get to
［C］ get over
［D］ get on with
9) Mr. Anderson used to jogging ［A］ in the crisp morning ［B］ air during ［C］ the winter months ［D］ , but now he has stopped.
7. 一般情况下，for后边跟接there to be,而of后边则跟接there being
10) It is fairly common in Africa for there an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.
［A］ to be
［B］ being
［C］ to have been
［D］ having been
8. be＋形容词后面要跟动词不定式作状语，而不用-ING
It is very difficult to manage the company.
二、-ING分词与-ED分词的区别
虽然在语法功能上，-ED分词在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同，但在意义上两者有差别：-ING分词表示主动的意义，而-ED分词则表示被动的意义；-ING分词表示一般性的或正在进行的动作，而-ED分词则表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上，-ING分词有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分；而ED分词只有一种形式。下边我们分析-ING分词与-ED分词在语法功用上的区别。
1. 作表语时，-ING分词表示主语所具有的特征而-ED分词表示主语所处的状态
The book is quite interesting. I am insteredted in the book very much.
The play is more exciting than any I have ever seen. That piece of land lay deserted.
2. 作状语时-ING分词表示主语正在进行的另一动作而-ED分词则表示主语发生动作的背景或情况
11) In his movies，W. C. Fields was always at war with the world， .
［A］ battling both people and objects
［B］ both people and objects were battled
［C］ he was battling both people and objects
［D］ both people and objects that were battled
13) Having been served lunch， .
［A］ the problem was discussed by the members of the committee
［B］ the committee members discussed the problem
［C］ it was discussed by the committee members the problem
［D］ a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee
12) for her anthropological research，Margaret Mead also was involved with the World Federation for Mental Health.
［A］ She is noted primarily
［B］ Noted primarily
［C］ Primarily is noted
［D］ She primarily noted
14) Considered one of the leading poets in America today， .
［A］ a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez
［B］ Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays
［C］ a number of Sonia Sanchez’s books and plays have been written
［D］ there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez
3. ①作定语时，-ING分词表示正在进行的动作，而-ED分词表示动作发生在谓语动词之前；②-ING分词表示它所修饰的词经常或当时的状态，而-ED分词则没有时间性；③-ING分词表示主动，而-ED分词表示被动
15) The boiled ［A］ point of any liquid ［B］ is determined ［C］ by the pressure ［D］ of the surrounding gases.
16) High-grade ［A］ written ［B］ paper is frequently ［C］ obtained ［D］ from cotton rags.
17) Scientists ［A］ still cannot find ［B］ any convinced ［C］ link between intelligence ［D］ and the quantity or quality of brain cells.
4. 但少数几个动词的-ED分词，有两种形式而且在意义上有差别，如：bear的-ED分词有born和borne之分，前者只用于“出生”的意义，而后者用于“负担”，“负荷”，“承担”和“传送”之意
I was born in 1966.
His borne responsibility to the whole workers of the factory is really great.
再如：hang的-ED分词也有两种，一是hung,另一形式是hanged, 前者表示“悬挂”，后者表示“吊死，绞死”。strike的-ED分词也有两种：struck和striken, 前者有“打击”“冲击”“感动”等义，而striken只用作形容词，表示“受折磨”之意。
来自及物动词的-ED分词所表示的是被动意义；来自不及物动词的-ED分词则可表示主动和完成的意义：fallen leaves (落叶)，a full-blown rose (盛开的玫瑰), escaped prinsoners(逃犯), the exploded bomb, her deceased husband, the retired workers, the vanished jewels, the newly arrived visitors, the returned students, the risen sun.
三、例题解析
1) A为正确答案。(一般性的动作。)
2) A为正确答案。(连续的动作。)
3) D错。 改为harvesting(抽象的动作)。
4) A为正确答案。(已完成的动作。)
5) C错。 改为to be interviewed(将要发生的动作)。
6) C错。改为to kill(不定或未来动作)。
7) D为正确答案。(过去经常或总是干……)
A为正确答案。(习惯于……used是形容词)
9) A错。改为jog。(表示过去经常或总是干……)
10) A为正确答案。
11) A为正确答案。
12) B为正确答案。本句是由-ED分词“noted”引导的-ED结构，在句中说明主句谓语的背景。
13) B为正确答案。
14) B为正确答案。-ED分词“considered”的逻辑主语应为人，除B外的其他选项都无法和空白前-ED结构在逻辑主语上一致。
15) A错。改为boiling。-ED分词含有完成和被动的意思，-ING分词则表示主动、进行，也可用作前置定语表示性状、用途。如：“boiling water(water which is boiling.)”意思是“开水”，意即“正在开着的水”，而“boiled water(water which has been boiled.)”虽也可译为“开水”，但表示“已开过了的水(现在可能凉了)。”本句A处应改为boiling，“boiling point”意思是“沸点”。
16) B错。改用“writing”，“writing paper”意为“写字的纸，信纸”，-ING分词“writing”表用途。与此类似的还有“swimming pool”(游泳池) ，“sleeping car”(卧铺) 。“written”含有完成和被动意味，不合上下文。
17) C错。改为“convincing”。“令人信服的联系”应为“convincing link”，“convincing”含有主动的意味，即“联系”(link)本身具有这种性质，而“convinced”则含有完成或被动的含义， 修饰有生命的名词 。试比较：a surprising man (使人惊讶的人) ，a surprised man (被惊吓了的人) 。
