Life and Major Works of
E.M. Forster
E.M. FORSTER (1879 - 1970), was the only
child of Edward Morgan Forster, architect, who died in 1880
(1855-1945).
His boyhood was dominated by women, among
them his influential great-aunt and benefactress Marianne Thornton. On her death
in 1887 she left him ?, 000
in trust. His happiest childhood years (1883-93) were spent at Rooksnest, Stevenage,
a house he evokes in Howards End. In 1893 he and his mother moved to
Tonbridge, and Forster attended Tonbridge School, where he was deeply unhappy and
developed a lasting dislike of public-school values.
In 1897 he went to King's College,
Cambridge, where
he found congenial friends; the atmosphere of free intellectual discussion, and
a stress on the importance of personal relationships inspired partly by G. E.
Moore was to have a profound influence on his work. In 1901 he was elected to
the Apostles and largely through them was later drawn into closer contact with
Bloomsbury.
A year of travel in Italy with his mother and a cruise to
Greece followed, providing material
for his early novels, which satirize the attitudes of English tourists abroad,
Baedeker in hand, clinging to English pensioni, and suspicions of
anything foreign. On his return from Greece he began to write for the new
Independent Review launched in 1903 by a group of Cambridge friends, led by
G. M. Trevelyan; in 1904 it published his first short story The Story of a
Panic.
In 1905 he completed Where Angels Fear to Tread, which was published the
same year, and spent some months in Germany as tutor to the children of the
Conntess von Arnim In 19o6, now established with his mother in Weybridge, he
became tutor to Syed Ross Masood, a striking and colonial Indian Muslim
patriot, for whom Forster developed an intense affection. The Longest Journey appeared in 1907, A Room with a View in 1908, and Howards End, which established Forster as a writer
of importance, in 1910. In 1911 he published a collection of short stories,
mostly pastoral and whimsical in tone and subject-matter, The Celestial
Omnibus.
In 1912-13 he visited India for some months, meeting Masood in
Aligarh and
traveling with him. In 1913 another significant visit to the home of E.
Carpenter near Chesterfield resulted in his writing Maurice, a novel with a homosexual theme which he
circulated privately; it was published posthumously in 1971. It did not as he
had hoped open a new vein of creativity and the outbreak of war further impeded
his career. He worked for a while at the National Gallery then went to
Alexandria in 1915 for the Red Cross; his Alexandria: A History and a
Guide was published somewhat abortively in 1922 (almost the entire stock was
burned) and reprinted in revised form in 1938. In Alexandria he met Cavafy whose works, on his return to
England in 1919, he helped to
introduce; an essay on Cavafy appears in Pharos and Pharillon
(1923).
In 1921-22 he revisited
India, working as personal secretary
for the maharajah of the native state of Dewas Senior for several months. The
completion of A Passage to India (1922-4) which he had begun
before the war, was overshadowed by the death of his closest Egyptian friend
Mohammed, but when the novel appeared in June 1924 it was highly acclaimed.
Forster's fears that this would be his last novel proved correct, and the
remainder of his life was devoted to a wide range of literary activities; over
many years he took a firm stand against censorship, involving himself in the
work of PEN and the NCCL, of which he became the first president, campaigning in
1928 against the suppression of R. Hall's The Well of Loneliness, and
appearing in 1960 as a witness for the defence in th e trial of the publishers
of Lady Chatterley's Lover.
In 1927 he delivered the Clark lectures
at Cambridge
printed the same year as Aspects of the Novel; his tone in these was in his
own words 'informal, indeed talkative', and they contain the celebrated comment,
'yes-oh dear yes-the novel tells a story.' Leavis, representing the new school
of Cambridge criticism, found the lectures 'intellectually null', but they were
a popular success, and King's offered him a 3-year-fellowship, and, in 1946, an
honorary fellowship and a permanent home.
In 1928 The Eternal Moment, a
volume of pre-1914 short stories, whimsical and dealing with the supernatural
appeared. He wrote two biographies, Goldsworthy Lowes Dickenson (1934)
and Marianne Thornton (1956). Abinger Harvest, essays named after
the village in Surrey in which Forster inherited a house on 1924, appeared in
1936, Two Cheers for Democracy in 1951, The Hill of Devi, a portrait of India through
letters and commentary, in 1953.
Between 1949 and 1951 he worked with Eric Crozier on the libretto for Britten's opera Billy Budd. He spent his last
year in King's College, and was awarded the OM in 1969, Maurice was followed by another posthumous
publication, The Life to Come (1972), a collection of short
stories, many with homosexual themes, including the tragic story 'The Other Boat' written 1957-8.
